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Wanderers in Space Final
Wanderers in Space Final
150
Astronomy
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2012

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Cards

Term
Deep Impact
Definition
Spacecraft set into a comet to see what a comet was made of. They found water vapor
Term
GOES
Definition
Just outside of earth and gives us weather
Term
Hinoder
Definition
Solar spacecrft used to look at suns x rays
Term
Kepler
Definition
Looks for earth sized planets in habital zone of nearby stars
Term
New Horizon
Definition
Going to Pluto in 2015
Term
RHESSI
Definition
Gamma rays from nuclear reactions on the sun during solar flares
Term
SOHO
Definition
Looks at solar flares and solar oscillations and infers internal structure of sun from seismology
Term
Stardust
Definition
Looks at dust of comets
Term
STEREO
Definition
Two spacecraft that give a 3D view of some chromomass injection
Term
TRACE
Definition
High res images of chromal loops
Term
Ulysses
Definition
First spacecraft above solar poles, measuring velocity of winds
Term
Voyager I
Definition
Went by giant planets, still out there sampling distant regions of solar system beyond solar winds
Term
Yohkoh
Definition
Japanese satellite, x rays from the sun
Term
Anderson
Definition
First discovered positrons
Term
Arrhenius
Definition
Predicted global warming
Term
Bethe
Definition
First explained nuclear fusion reactions that make the sun shine
Term
Babcock
Definition
How the suns variable magnetic field generated
Term
Balmer
Definition
Wavelengths of hydrogen lines from sun
Term
Borelli
Definition
Comets
Term
Chadwick
Definition
Discovered the neutron
Term
Cowan
Definition
First to observe neutrinos
Term
Dirac
Definition
Predicted solar positrons
Term
Dobson
Definition
Discovered the Ozone hole
Term
Eddington
Definition
First to suggest that the sun might shine by converting hydrogen into helium
Term
Einstein
Definition
E=MC^2
Term
Fermi
Definition
Named the neutrino
Term
Forbush
Definition
Discovered the anti-correlation between solar activity and the number of cosmic rays arriving at the earth when there's a max of solar activity fewer cosmic rays, and vice versa
Term
Fourier
Definition
Green house effect
Term
Fraunhofer
Definition
The sun emits all colors of light, at some very specific wavelengths there is no color, the sun is dark. Fraunhofer saw them and was the first to document hundreds of them, provided the keys to the chemistry of the universe, the dark lines occurred at the wavelengths made by a very specific element, it's absorbing the light and making it dark.
Term
Gamow
Definition
Discovered explanation of alpha decay via tunneling
Term
Gilbert
Definition
Physician for queen elizabeth, first to say the earth is a great magnet
Term
Gold
Definition
invented the name magnetosphere. Also proposed that magnetic clouds would travel to the earth. Explained how solar flares might occur
Term
Gore
Definition
Inconvenient truth
Term
Hale
Definition
measured magnetic field and sunspots
Term
Halley
Definition
comet
Term
Hays
Definition
ice age
Term
Hess
Definition
cosmic rays
Term
Janssen
Definition
Found helium in the sun
Term
Kirchoff
Definition
Showed that the dark lines in the sun tell you what element is there
Term
Lane
Definition
First to show the center of the sun is 15 million degrees hot
Term
Leighton
Definition
Discovered the oscillations in the sun
Term
Lockyer
Definition
First discovered with Janssen helium in the sun
Term
Marconi
Definition
First transmitted radio waves half way around the world. Nobody thought it could be done, but the ionosphere reflected the radio waves
Term
Milankovitch
Definition
Cause of the ice ages astronomical rhythms
Term
Molina
Definition
Warned CFCs will destroy ozone
Term
Parker
Definition
Idea that solar wind, showed that the magnetic field pulled out from the sun would have a spiral shape
Term
Pauli
Definition
Radioactivity led to the toning effect, led to the need for neutrino
Term
Pontecorvo
Definition
One of the first to say neutrinos could change type or character
Term
Reines
Definition
detecting neutrino
Term
Rutherford
Definition
Showed that atom had nucleus
Term
Schwabe
Definition
11 year sun spot cycle
Term
Tempel
Definition
Comet
Term
Tydndall
Definition
Why the sky is blue
Term
Qizsacker
Definition
Explained why suns heavier than the sunshine, led the way to bethe's explanation by saying it has to start with the coalescence of protons
Term
Wild
Definition
Named a comet
Term
Wolfenstein
Definition
Showed how neutrinos could change character
Term
Zeeman
Definition
Measured strength and direction of magnetic fields
Term
Nucleus of a hydrogen atom
Definition
one proton
Term
Nucleus of a helium atom
Definition
2 protons, 2 neutrons
Term
Neutrino
Definition
Neutrino is produced in nuclear that make the sun shine. Little or no mass, no charge
Term
Beryllium-7, Boron-8
Definition
Nuclei produced in very rare side reactions that make sun shine
Term
Carbon dioxide
Definition
greenhouse gas
Term
Chloroflurocarbons
Definition
Man-made chemicals that are destroying ozone
Term
Oxygen
Definition
Molecule that we breath. 21% of atmosphere oxygen
Term
Radio wavelengths
Definition
Long, used to communicate, bounced off ionosphere
Term
Wavelength and Frequency
Definition
Ways to describe waves
Term
Absorption lines
Definition
Features at a very specific wavelength caused by a specific element that absorbs radiation
Term
Continuum radiation
Definition
emitted at all wavelengths
Term
forbidden lines
Definition
Forbidden in terrestrial laboratory. Exist in suns corona, the discovery of the corona came from the detection of emission in forbidden lines
Term
Fraunhofer absorption lines
Definition
Used to determine ingredients of the sun
Term
Hydrogen-alpha line
Definition
red wavelength line
Term
Photon energy and wavelength
Definition
Shorter the wavelength, more energetic the radiation
Term
Big bang
Definition
started the expansion of the universe
Term
non-solar stars
Definition
made the rest of the stuff in our universe
Term
Pair annihilation
Definition
merging of electrons and positrons to make radiation
Term
mass loss
Definition
E=mc^2
Term
Tunneling
Definition
Allows protons to merge together
Term
5 minutes
Definition
oscillation period of the sun
Term
8.3 minutes
Definition
Time it takes radiation from sun to reach the earth
Term
4.29 years
Definition
Time it takes radiation from next nearest star to reach earth
Term
Solar neutrino problem
Definition
Not detecting as many neutrinos as predicted, realized that they were only detecting electron neutrinos
Term
11 years
Definition
Solar magnetic acitivty cycle, sun spot cycle
Term
22 years
Definition
time for global magnetism of sun to change polarity
Term
100 years
Definition
time for which sun spots are known to disappear entirely
Term
10,000 years
Definition
length of an interglacial period that separates ice ages
Term
170,000 miles
Definition
center of sun to visible disc of sun
Term
3.8 billion years
Definition
age of oldest fossils on earth
Term
4.6 billion years
Definition
age of earth, sun, and solar system
Term
7 billion years
Definition
amount of time the sun has left
Term
14 billion years
Definition
age of teh expanding universe
Term
5780 kelvin
Definition
temperature of outer sun
Term
15.6 million kelvin
Definition
temperature of sun
Term
hydrogen burning
Definition
burning of hydrogen to make helium, how the sun shines
Term
Helium burning
Definition
way at which stars have used up their hydrogen to consume helium to make carbon
Term
Proton-proton chain
Definition
what operates in the sun, hydrogen burning
Term
CNO cycle
Definition
occurs in stars more massive than the sun
Term
Central core, radiative zone, convective zone
Definition
inside of sun
Term
photosphere
Definition
visible disc of sun
Term
chromosphere
Definition
on top of photosphere
Term
Corona
Definition
2 million degrees hot, extends all the way to earth and beyond in solar wind
Term
Homestake neutrino detector
Definition
uses cleaning products
Term
Kamiokande neutrino detector
Definition
uses regular water
Term
Sudbury neutrino detector
Definition
uses heavy water
Term
Doppler shift
Definition
technique of measuring the velocity of motion of a radiating source
Term
Zeeman effect
Definition
polarization, measures direction
splitting, measures strength
Term
Radar waves
Definition
acronym for Radio Ranging and Detection
Term
Seismic Waves
Definition
Generated by earthquakes used to determine internal structure of earth
Term
Sound waves
Definition
See through water, used to map ocean floor, also generated in convective zone of sun
Term
Radio waves
Definition
Used for communication
Term
X-rays
Definition
used to detect hot gases
Term
Magnetic waves
Definition
Detected in polar regions of the sun, they are thought to be the reason why heavy elements move faster than light ones in coronal holes
Term
Heliosismology
Definition
Technique of determining internal structure of the sun from sound waves
Term
Tachocline
Definition
Technical name for place at the bottom of the convective zone at which its thought suns magnetism is generated
Term
Sunspots
Definition
Earth sized dark spots in the photosphere of intense magnetism
Term
Coronagraph
Definition
Device used to detect the corona of the sun
Term
Magnetogram
Definition
Device used to measure the strength and direction of the suns magnetic field all over the sun
Term
Magnetic network
Definition
Been detected in coronal holes, thought to be the place where high speed solar wind is emitted
Term
Magnetic reconnection
Definition
When magnetic fields pointing in opposite directions meet and merge and reform,
Explanation for heating of the solar corona
Explanation for triggering and energy release of solar flares
Term
Spectroheliograph
Definition
Measures velocities on the sun
Term
Coronagraph
Definition
Detects coronal mass ejections
Term
Active regions
Definition
Activity on the sun, consists of coronal loops that join the sun spots
Term
Coronal mass ejections
Definition
Explosion on the sun, around the size of the sun. It's a magnetic bubble that can come to the earth and produce storms in the earths magnetic field associated with those are very intense auroras
Term
Solar flares
Definition
Explosion on the sun, Smaller than a CME and about the size of a sunspot. They can become hotter than the center of the sun. They accelerate particles to high energy and emit intense radiation
Term
Closed magnetic fields
Definition
Closed
Term
Spiral magnetic fields
Definition
Inner planetary magnetic field belongs to the sun and is twisted by suns rotation into spiral shape
Term
Solar flares: Prediction
Definition
1) x-ray sigmoids which signify a twisting up of magnetic field
2) Look through the sun to the back side
Term
Solar Flares: Source
Definition
Magnetic re-connection
Term
Solar Flares: Location
Definition
Low corona
Term
Solar Flares: Size
Definition
Comparable to earth
Term
Solar Flares: Wight light solar flare
Definition
Very rare, almost never seen in visible wavelengths, seen all the time with x-rays
Term
Solar Flares: Bremsstrahlung
Definition
Breaking radiation. Is emitted when an electron encounters an ion
Term
Solar Flares: Nuclear Reactions
Definition
Created by particles beamed down to the sun
Term
Solar Flares: Synchrotron radiation
Definition
When a high speed electron encounters a magnetic field
Term
Cosmic Rays
Definition
Very energetic
Number of rays inversely correlated with 11-year solar activity cycle
Speed: Move at speed of light
Term
Troposphere
Definition
Sun produced layers in earth's atmosphere, weather
Term
Stratosphere
Definition
Generated and maintained by suns UV radiation, ozone
Term
Ionosphere
Definition
Reflects radio waves
Term
Magneto sphere
Definition
Magnetic cavity hallowed out by solar wind in earth's atmosphere
Composed of :Bio shock, where solar wind encounters earth
Magnetotail, solar wind stretches magnetism behind sun
Radiation belts, consisting of trapped magnetic particles
Polar cusps: Funnel shaped magnetism at the poles of the earth from which energetic particles come down to produce the auroras
Term
Chromosphere
Definition
Layer of suns atmosphere just above the photosphere
Term
Auroras
Definition
Lights seen in the atmosphere. Produced by high energy electrons coming into the atmosphere and exciting the molecules
Term
Geomagnetic storms
Definition
Produced when a chromal mass injection encounters earth
Term
Faint young sun paradox
Definition
Sun has grown brighter as it gets older
Term
Solar constant
Definition
Term used to describe all radiation from the sun
Term
Ice ages
Definition
Lasting about 100,00 years. Glaciers. Thought to be caused by changes in distribution of sun light
Term
Kyoto Protocol
Definition
Intent to do something internationally about global warming
Term
Montreal protocol
Definition
More successful outlawing of CFCs
Term
Ozone layer
Definition
Made by suns UV, depleted by CFCs
Term
Global warming
Definition
Increased by more CO2 in earths atmosphere
Term
Sun spots: Polarity
Definition
Direction which magnetic field and sun spots point
Term
Zeeman Effect
Definition
Measures magnetic field strength and direction on the visible solar disc
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