Term
Hypertensive = >140/>90
Pre-hypertensive = 135/85
Normal = 120/80 |
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Definition
Hypertensive = >___/>___
Pre-hypertensive = ___/___
Normal = ___/___ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ HTN = 92% cause is unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ HTN = 8% cause is known (renal disease, renovascular or primary aldosteronism induced) |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease cardiac output = __ BP.
Decrease peripheral vascular resistance = __ BP. |
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Term
| Amount of fluid in the body |
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Definition
| What do the kidneys regulate? |
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Term
| Stimulate... Propanolol inhibits beta receptors |
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Definition
| (Stimulate/Inhibit) beta receptors on heart --> increase HR, increase CO, increase BP |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a hormone that causes vasodilation which decreases BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ increase urine production and inhibit Na+ reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ increase excretion of sodium in urine leading to an decrease in plasma volume and BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are used to treat HTN, congestive heart failure, renal / endocrine diseases, glaucoma and PMS. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ can be seen in patients with swollen extremities, short of breath, slow moving and slow color change. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ (aka ____) is a high ceiling / loop diuretic. |
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Term
| hydrochlorothiazide (most common) and chlorothiazide |
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Definition
| ____ and ___ are thiazide diuretics. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the most common thiazide diuretic. |
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Term
| spironolactone / triamterene |
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Definition
| ____ and ___ are potassium-sparing diuretics. |
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Term
| thiazide diuretic used with propanolol |
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Definition
| hydrochlorothiazide is the most common ____ diuretic that is used alone or with ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thiazide diuretics (increase/decrease) plasma levels of uric acid and glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ increases Na+/water excretion --> decrease BV, decrease CO, decrease PVR, decrease BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is used to treat HTN, edema (CHF) or diabetes insipidus. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ is excessive urine production treated paradoxically with thiazide diuretics. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ may cause hypokalemia (loss of K+ leading to irregular heart beat), hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid), hyperlipidemia (elevated lipid) and hyperglycemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ decrease antihypertensive effects of thiazide diuretics. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ may cause hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, tinnitis and electrolyte imbalances. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the most effective of all diuretics. It increases Na+/Cl-/water retention. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ may cause dehydration and hypotension. |
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Term
| potassium-sparing diuretics |
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Definition
| ___ ___ diuretics can either block epithelial Na channel or aldosterone receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is an epithelial Na+ channel blocker type of potassium sparing diuretic. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is an aldosterone receptor antagonist type of potassium sparing diuretic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potassium-sparing diuretics are not very effective as _____. They are given with other drugs to balance K+ levels because they cause hyperkalemia instead of hypokalemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ blocks the action of aldosterone which decreases Na+ reuptake and increases K+ retention. It is used to treat PMS. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is hair growth in females caused by spronolactone. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ may cause gynecomastia, impotence, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism and deepening of the voice. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ inhibits Na+/K+ channel exchange. It is fast acting and may cause hyperkalemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are cardioselective (beta-1) beta blockers. |
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Term
| propanolol / timolol / nadolol / pindolol |
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Definition
| ___ / ___ / ____ / ___ are all nonselective beta (beta-1/2) blockers. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are nonselective beta(1/2) blockers w/alpha(1) blocking activity. |
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Term
| propanolol / timolol / nadolol / pindolol |
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Definition
| ___/___/___/___ decrease BP by decreasing CO by decreasing renin production. |
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Term
| 0.04mg, 2 carpules of 1:100,000 |
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Definition
| When using non-selective beta blockers such as propanolol / timolol / nadolol / pindolol, ___ mg of epinephrine should not be exceeded. |
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Term
| True!! Also have an advantage in HTN patients with asthma history. |
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Definition
| T/F: Atenolol and metoprolol have similar action to propanolol but do not interact with epinephrine. |
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Term
| vasodilate, should not exceed 0.04 mg epinephrine |
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Definition
| Labetalol and carvedilol vaso(constrict/dilate). |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ ___ are vasodilators an are used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, HTN, angina and migraines. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ causes contraction of smooth muscle. When it is blocked, it interferes with smooth muscle in the heart and blood vessels, decreasing HR, cardiac force and CO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nifedipine, amlodipine, isradipine, verapamil and diltiazem are all ___ ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the classical calcium channel blocker. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are calcium channel blockers that cause constipation due to inhibition of GI smooth muscle and gingival overgrowth. |
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Term
| captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, ramipril |
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Definition
| ___, ___ , and all other drugs ending in --pril are Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. |
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Term
| losartan, valsartan, candesartan and libesartan |
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Definition
| ___, ___ and all other drugs ending in ---sartan are angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). |
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Term
| Renin-angiotensin aldosterone systems |
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Definition
| _____ systems regulate BP, BV/fluid, and electrolytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotensin ___ is the major mediator in the RAASystem. It is degraded to angiotensin ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotensin converting enzymes convert ____ to ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiotensin converting enzymes convert ____ to ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ promotes water retention and renal vasoconstriction, increases plasma volume, BP, and stimulates aldosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ metabolize bradykinin to inactive products in blood vessels, increasing bradykinin, decreasing PVR and decreasing BP. |
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Term
| hypertrophy and remodeling |
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Definition
| Angiotensin II causes changes in blood vessels and heart tissues resulting in ____ and ____, increasing thickness of blood vessel walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| AT__ activation results in synthesis/release of aldosterone and vasoconstriction. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ is used to treat hypertension. It inhibits the production of angiotensin II and causes vasodilation --> decrease PVR/BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ decreases sodium retention/water resorption and increases potassium retention leading to hyperkalemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACE inhibititors such as ____, may cause a dry irritating, persistent cough, and metallic taste. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ inhibit ACE inhibitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACE inhibitors are contraindicated when? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are similar to ACE inhibitors except that there are no major adverse effects. They are still contraindicated during the 2nd/3rd trimester. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a selective alpha-1 blocker. It has anti-hypertensive effects by blocking alpha-1 receptors on blood vessels --> vasodilation. PVR/BP decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are centrally acting agents that decrease sympathetic outflow from the brain resulting in a decrease in BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are centrally acting agents that may cause postural hypotension, taste disturbances and xerostomia. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ causes vasodilation by acting on arterioles. It may also cause orthostatic hypotension and cardiac palpitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers and organic nitrates are vaso(constrictors/dilators). |
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