Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of the nervous system. |
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Term
| Sensory, Associative, Motor |
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Definition
| What are the three types of nerurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| This neuron carries impulses towards the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| This neuron carries impulses from one neruron to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| This neuron carries impulses away from the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where is the anatomical location of the Central Nervous System. (CNS) |
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Term
cranial nerves & spinal nerves
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Definition
| Where is the anatomical location of the peripheral nervous system. (PNS) ? |
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Term
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Definition
| The function of this system is to control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands with out conscious control. |
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Term
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Definition
| The function of this system is to conciously or voluntarily control skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| This system is termed the "fight or flight" system It will cause RR, and HR to increase, pupil dilation, and GI function to decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| This neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, located in the smooth muscles of blood vessels, causes constriction of arterioles (except in the GI tract) which causes BP to increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, the function of this receptor is to decrease release of norepinephrine causing constriction of skeletal muscles. BP will decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, located in the heart, causes an increase in HR, conduction (electric signal) & contractility. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, found in the smooth muscle of the lungs, causes dilation of skeletal blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, located in renal, mesenteric, & cerebral arteries, causes dilation of coronary vessels, renal blood vessels, and mesenteric bllod vessels. |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| This system is termed the "homeostatic system". it will return RR, HR, and blood flow to normal. Found in the brainstem region. |
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Term
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Definition
| This neurotransmitter is release at both pre- and post-ganglionic synapses in the PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, located in the PNS, stimulates smooth muscle and slows HR. |
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Term
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Definition
| This receptor, found in the PNS, affects skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs help prevent the occurrence of seizure activity by suppressing the abnormal electrical impulses, but do not eliminate the cause of seizures. |
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Term
| Ataxia, drowainess, & hepatoxicity |
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Definition
| The side effects of CNS depressants such as anticonvulsants are: |
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Term
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Definition
| This long-acting barbiturate depresses motor centers of the cerebral cortex. Impairs transmission of impulses across the synapse in the brainstem-inhibiting communication. C-IV controlled substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| What routes are available for Phenobarbital administration? |
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Term
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Definition
| This short-acting barbiturate is a C-II controlled substance administered IV. It can cause irritation if given perivascularly. Seen commonly in euthenasia solution. |
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Term
| respiratory depression & hypothermia. |
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Definition
| Side effects of Pentobarbital. |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug is similar to phenobarbital structurally. given PO, and can induce liver enzymes that raise its own & other drug metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-IV controlled subatsnace used for status epilepticus (IV) and then followeed by PO therapy. Increases GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| C-IV controlled substance. Used orally for adjunct anticonvulsant therapy & behavior phobias. Side effects include sedation and ataxia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used as adjunct anticonvulsant therapy. Takes several days to reach therapeutic state. Loading dose then maintenece dose required. Side effects include elctrolyte imbalences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral anticonvulsant that increases blood levels of GABA. Limited use in vet med due to side effects. Blood work is necessary on this drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rarely used in vet med due to side effects. Anticonvulsants effects only noted after accumulation of doses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calms animals; used to reduce anxiety and aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases irratability & excitment, may provide analgesic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesson anxiousness but does not make the animal drowsy. |
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Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
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Definition
| These drugs block dopamine & alpha-1 receptors found in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels. They cause sedation and relieve fear. They do not cause analgesia. Commonly used prior to minor procedures or as pre-anesthetic agents. |
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Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
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Definition
| These types of drugs can cause paraphimosis (penile prolapse in horses). |
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Term
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Definition
| These anti-anxiety drugs are C-IV controlled substances. They produce muscle relaxation and have some anti-convulsant activity. Sometimes used as appetite stimulants in cats. They do not provide analgesia. An example of this drug class is Diazepam. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversal agaent for benzodiazepines |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug class binds to alpha-2 receptors on neurons to prevent release of norepinephrine. They produce calming effects, some analgesia, and muscle relaxation. They decrease ability to respond to stimuli. An example is: Xylazine. |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug can be combined with ketamine for short term procedures in horses and cats. It produces analgesia in horses but vomitting in cats. It can slow insulin secretion which causes transient hyperglycemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the reversal agenet for Xylazine (Rompun)? |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug produces better analgesia in horses. Labaled for sedation in horses, but horses can still respond to stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labled for sedation and analgesia in dogs over 12 weeks old. Used for minor surgical procedures and restraint. It initialy causes BP to rise and HR to lower. The IV and IM doses are different! |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversal agent for Medetomadine (Domitor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Opioid or opioid like substances that require a prescription. They work on the CNS. Used for moderate-severe pain in smooth muscle, organs, & bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less potent then narcotics, not addictive, and work on the PNS receptor sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally obtained from the poppy plant. They produce analgesia and sedation, & relieve anxiety. They produce their action on opioid receptors located in nervous tissues. Cats and horses are very sensitive to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in pain areas of the brain. Cause analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, & physical dependence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Produce analgesia, sedation & miosis (constriction of pupils) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the brain, this opioid receptor controls whinning, hallucinations, and struggling effects. May cause mydriasis (dilation of pupils) |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 3 opioid receptors? |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug can be used as an anti-diarrheal in calves. C-II controlled substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist. Used for severe pain. Pre-anesthetic & anesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist with a short duration of action. Used for acute pain. Extra-label use in animals. Pre-anesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
A C-II controlled substance that is a semi-synthetic opioid that is 5x more potent then morphine. Mu agonist. it is used post op to produce sedation & offset moderate-severe pain. Duration of action is 4 hours.
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Term
| Butorphanol (Torbugesic) (Torbutrol) |
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Definition
| C-IV controlled substance, synthetic opioid with kappa and mu receptor activity. It is not a very strong analgesic. Short duration of action. Can be used as a analgesic, pre-anasthetic, & antitussive. |
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Term
| Hydrocodone (Tussigon) (Hycodan) |
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance, synthetic opioid, used as an antitussive. When combined with acetaminophen it makes Vicodin for use in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a sunthetic opioid 200x more potent than morphine. Used as an analgesic/ tranquilizer & chemical restraint. Available as a transdermal patch. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that provides long term analgesia (8-10 hours) Used post-op. Side effects are rae but include respiratory depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid used as an antitussive in dogs. It can be combined with acetaminophen for pain relief in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-V controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid. When combined with atropine it makes an antidiarrheal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as narcotic antagonists, they block the binding of opioids to their receptors. Used to treat respiratory and CNS depression caused by opioid use. Given IV for rapid onset of action. Examples include Naloxone & Naltrexone |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug is given IV or IM and has a high affinity for mu receptors. It reverses Meperidine, morphine, & oxymorphone. |
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Term
Neuroleptanalgesics
Ex: Xylazine--> butorphanol
Acepromazine--> morphine |
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Definition
| This class of drugs are a combination of an opioid & a tranquilizer or sedative. They cause CNS depression and analgesia. Opioid anatgainists can reverse their opioid effects. Veterinarians tend to make their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is for topical use and injection. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is for opthalmic use. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is used topicaly applied to skin and can also be opthlamic or otic solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic has a longer onset and is used in epidurals and as oral nerve blocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS depressants used as anti-convulsants, anesthetics, & euthenasia solutions. Can be long or short acting. Can cause cardiovascular & respiratiry depression. Highly irritating to perivascular tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Lasts 5-30 minutes. Has to be reconstituted. Caution in sighthounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an oxybarbiturate similar to ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Used in sight hounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| This class of drugs cause muscle rigidity, amnesia, and mild analgesia. Used only for restraint, diagnostic procedures and minor surgeries. Can cause minor cardiac stimulation, respiratory depression and exaggerated reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance approved for use in primates and cats. Need to use an eye lubricant when in use. Usually used in combination with drugs like ace, xylazine, and/ or diazepam. |
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Term
| Tiletamine (Found in Telazol) |
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Definition
This is a C-III controlled substance used as an approved anesthetic for dogs and cats. Pain at injection site usually occurs. IV, SQ, IM
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Term
| Ketamine/ Valium (Ket/ val) |
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Definition
| Mixture prepared in clinics for IV induction using equal volumes. Best if prepeared just before injection. |
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Term
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Definition
| ultra short acting drug that produces a rapid, smooth induction when given IV. Caution needs to be taken in cats because it can only be given one time, it can not be in bolus due to the preservatives. |
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Term
| Minimal alveolar concentraion (MAC) |
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Definition
| Inhalation anesthetics are compared on this value which is minimal concentration of anesthetic that produces no responce to stimuli in 50% of patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inhalation anesthetic with a high______________, will have a longer induction/ recovery time because the agent must first saturate the blood before becoming available to tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| This inhalation anesthetic is also called " laughing gas". It is stored in blue cylinders. Diffuses rapidly through the body filling hollow organs. Not reccomended for GDV, pneumothorax, or twisted intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| This inhalation anaesthetic is non-flamable which causes rapid induction and short recoveries. Planes of anestheisa can change rapidly.n Pre-medicating before use will allow for a smoother recovery. One of the most commonly used inhalation anesthetics in veterinary medicine. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a non-flamable inhalation anesthetic with few cardiovascualr side effects. It enters the blood stream quickly and escapes to the brain. It is good for mask induction. |
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Term
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Definition
| This CNS stimulant stimulates the brainstem to increase respiration in animals with apnea. Used in neonates born via C-section. |
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Term
Methylxanthine
Ex: Theophyline (Theo-dur)
Aminophyline |
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Definition
| This CNS stimulant is used a bronchodilator but can cause GI irritation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural responce of living tissue to injury or infection |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that can inititate a fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrogen that is caused by a forign substance such as bacteria or virus |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrogen that is a chemical mediator inside the body such as prostaglandin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH secretion by anterior pituitary. Raises BG. |
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Term
| Steroidal Anti-inflammatories |
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Definition
| These drugs block the action of the enzyme phopholipase which is an enzyme that damages cell membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs are potent anti-inflammatories that treat conditions such as: allergic responses, pruritis, anaphylaxis. and inflammatory conditions such as: autoimmune disease, shock, occular inflammation, and spinal cord inflammation. |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system drugs |
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Definition
| These drugs work by acting like neurotransmitters or interfering with neurotransmitter release. They affect the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 inch is equal to how many centimeters. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 kilogram is equal to how many pounds |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 pound is equal to how many ounces |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 grain is equal to how many miligrams |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 ounce is equal to how many grams |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 gram is equal to how many grains |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 cup is equal to how many ounces. |
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Term
| Approximately 30 mililiters |
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Definition
| 1 ounce is equal to how many mililiters |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 mililiter is equal to how many centimeters |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 teaspoon is equal to how many miiliters |
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Term
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Definition
| This cholinergic drug controls vomitting and aids in gastric emptying. |
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Term
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Definition
| This cholinergic drug is used in opthalmic solutions to decrease intraoccular pressure seen in glaucoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| This anticholinergic drug is used as a pre-anesthetic to prevent bradycardia, it decreases salvation, dilates pupils, controls cilary responce, and decreases GI motility. |
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Term
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Definition
| This anticholinergic drug is similar to atropine but has a longer duration. Used to treat bradycardia. |
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Term
| Aminopentamide (Centrine) |
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Definition
| this anticholinergic drug is used to control diarrhea and vomitting. |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs stimulate the action of the sympathetic nervous system by working on the adrenergic receptors located in smooth muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occuring catecholamine that affects alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors. Used in ER situations for cardiac resuscitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occuring catecholamine that is an injectable drug used to increase blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat shock, & congestive heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat heart failure. |
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Term
| Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) (Proin) |
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Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat urinary incontinence |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat brochospasm by producing bronchodilation. |
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