List the eight most abundant elements of the Earth's crust.

1. Oxygen

2. Silicon

3. Iron

4. Potassium

5. Magnesium

6. Sodium

7. Calcium

8. Aluminum

What are the parts of a volcano?

Define soil.

- A combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air; that portion of the regolith that supports plant growth.

What are nuee' ardent?

- An incandescent volcanic debris that is buoyed up by hot gases and moves downslope in an avalanche fashion.

What is the Ring of Fire?

- A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean.

Define weathering.

- The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface of the Earth.

Define erosion.

- The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind, or ice.

Define mass wasting.

- The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity.

Describe pahoehoe and aa lavas.

Pahoehoe: A lava flow with a smooth-to-ropy surface.

aa: A type of lava flow that has a jagged, blocky surface.

What are the major products of a volcano?

The major products of a volcano are lava, gases, acids, and pyroclastics.

Draw & label the complete Bowen's Reaction Series.

Of the three types of volcanoes which one is the most common?

Composite volcanoes is the most common other than cinder cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.

Discuss the methods for long term prediction of volcanic eruptions.

History - Patterns

Computer models - location

Discuss the methods used for short term prediction of volcanic eruptions.

1. Change in the shape of the volcano - tiltmeter

2. Increase in temperature

3. Increase in gases

4. Volcanic dome increases in size

5. Water changes to an acid

What factors control soil formation?

1. Organics

2. Parent Materials (Rock)

3. Climate

4. Slope

5. Time

Draw & label the soil profile.

What is meant by secondary enrichment (placer deposits)?

The concentration of minor amounts of metals that are scattered through unweathered rocks into economically valuable concentrations by weathering processes.

How does limestone weather?

Limestone weathers by putting it into an acid.

What are the products of weathering?

1. Sediments

2. Regolith

3. Soil

4. Cements

5. New Minerals

6. Secondary Enrichment (Placer Minerals)

What are the differences in chemical weathering & mechanical weathering?

Mechanical Weathering: is accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition.

Chemical Weathering: involves a chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds.

What factors influence weathering?

1. Shape of rocks

2. Type of rocks

3. Climate

4. Elevation

Compare a volcanic crater to a caldera.

Crater: The depression at the summit of a volcano, or that which is produced by a meteorite impact.

Caldera: A large depression typically caused by collapse of the summit area of a volcano following a violent eruption.

Where do blocky and pillow lavas form?

Pillow lava: forms when lava erupts underwater. As you can see here, this lava forms rounded lumps that are the shape of the pillow

Blocky lava: is cool, stiff lava that does not travel far from the erupting vent. blocky lava usually oozes from a volcano and forms jumbled heaps of sharp-edged chunks

Compare and contrast the three main types of volcanoes.

Cinder cone volcano: steep-sided, loosely packed volcano formed when tephra falls to the ground.

 Example: Little Lake, California

Composite volcano: volcano built alternating explosive and quite eruptions that produce layers of tephra and lava; found mostly where earth's plates come together and one plate sinks below the other.

 Example: Mount Rainer, Washington

Shield volcano:broad gently sloping volcano formed by quiet eruptions of basaltic lava.

 Example: Mauna Loa, Hawaii