Term
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Definition
| lava having very rough surface |
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Term
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Definition
| thermodynamic temperature of a substance, measured on a scale where 0 corresponds to the molecules forming the substance having no motion. The unit of absolute temp is Kelvin; the Kelvin has the same size as celsius |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lava flow in which an overflow or breakout from the main channel occurs when the channel is blocked by maerial breaking off its walls |
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Term
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Definition
| small (4-32mm) rounded particles formed by the accretion of large numbers of smaller particles in a volcanic eruption plume. The small particles may be held together by water, ice, or electrostatic forces |
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Term
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Definition
| localized high concentrations of sulfuric acid found at certain depths in ice cores drilled in polar regions. These correspond to the deposition of snow soon after volcanic eruptions |
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Term
| active continental margin |
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Definition
| the edge of a continental land mass where subduction or faulting is taking place |
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Term
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Definition
| small droplets of water in the atmosphere in which volatile species, ie SO2, are dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| force exterted on a particle moving through the atmosphere as a result of the friction between the surface of the particle and the air |
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Term
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Definition
| rock type, intermediate silica content, associated w/ subduction zones |
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Term
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Definition
| tectonic structures up to many hundreds of km in diameter, w/ complex central parts and radiating fracture systems, seen in the crust of Venus. (spiderlike) |
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Term
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Definition
| ash particles held loosely together by moisture, ice or electrostatic forces |
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Term
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Definition
| ash particles strongly held together by moisture, ice or electrostatic forces |
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Term
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Definition
| rock type, low silica, ocean floor spreading |
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Term
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Definition
| rock type, low to intermediate silica content |
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Term
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Definition
| cloud of hot gas and entrained particles flowing out close to the ground from the sire of a volcanic explosion |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid that has not only viscous resistance to deformation and flow, but also finite strength that must be overcome by any applied force before any flow takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| type of viscous lava in which the surface fractures into large blocks |
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Term
| block-and-ash flow deposit |
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Definition
| mixture of coarse and fine pyroclasts. deposited from a pyroclastic density current |
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Term
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Definition
| property of material expressing the way the density changes with pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon whereby a low-density body surrounded by a higher-density fluid in a gravitational field experiences an upward force |
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Term
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Definition
| a steep-walled depression, commonly found at the summit of a volcano, formed when a large volume of magma is removed quickly from an underlying magma reservoir and the overlying rocks slide down along faults to fill the vacated space |
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Term
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Definition
| long (hundreds of km), narrow channels seen on the surface of venus |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare type of magma consisting mainly of liquid carbonates rather than liquid silicates, produced in the mantle beneath some continental arches |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid lava moves in a central region bordered on either side by a bank (levee) of stationary lava |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of a fluid under conditions such that the speed of the sluid is equal to the speed of sound within the fluid. this is the max speed that can be reached by the fluid w/o special circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| joining together of 2 separate gas bubbles w/in a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| joining together of 2 separate gas bubbles w/in a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| the distinctive "feathered-edge" jet of ash and steam formed in an explosion when a large amount of wtaer gains access to a vent |
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Term
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Definition
| an eruption cloud of gas and small pyroclasts formed as gas rising through an ignimbrite carries small particles upwards with it as it escapes |
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Term
| co-ignimbrite as fall deposit |
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Definition
| a fine-grained deposit of pyroclasts settling on the ground from a co-ignimbrite cloud |
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Term
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Definition
| when an eruption column fails to be positively buoyant in the atmosphere, so that a lower fountain of gas and entrained particles forms over the vent instead |
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Term
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Definition
| a region containing many lava flow uits, most of which have formed by new flows breaking out from the margins of earlier-emplaced flows |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical law that asserts that the momentum of a system cannot be destroyed, only redistributed among the components of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| product of mass and velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| an arcuate chain of volcanoes at the margin of a continent |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the interior of a fluid or plastic solid w.in which convection is taking place |
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Term
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Definition
| relative movement of different parts of the fluid due to density differences |
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Term
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Definition
| a location where the edges of two tectonic plates are being driven into collision |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more layers of pyroclastic particles emplaced so soon after one another that they cool as though they had been emplaced at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| description of a lava flow that ceases to move because the front of the flow has cooled to the point ofeffectively being solid |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of large, roughly circular regions on Venus where tectonic forces have fractured and folded surface rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| volcanic process in which liquid water rather than liquid rock is the moving fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of magma with intermediate to high silica content |
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Term
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Definition
| a roughly circular region on the Moon where dark pyroclasts are deposited around an explosive vent |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a volcanic conduit or dike where the shape changes from converging upward to divergin upward, thus allowing magma flowing through the conduit to accelerate from subsonic to supersonic speeds |
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Term
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Definition
| expansion of a material, especially a gas, when the pressure acting on it decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby solid rock begins to melt when the pressure acting on it decreases even if the temperature does not change |
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Term
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Definition
| body of plastic material that rises buoyantly as a coherent mass within a larger body of plastic material |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby the atoms or molecules of a volatile compound migrate by moving between the atoms or molecules of a host materal |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture filled with volcanic material cutting through earlier-emplaced host rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| description of a type of nonNewtonian fluid in which the viscosity increases as the applied stress increases |
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Term
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Definition
| two tectonic plates separate to produce new crustal material by volcanic eruptions or intrustions |
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Term
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Definition
| deposit of lava where the width and max thickness are of the same order b/c the lava has not spread far from the vent |
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Term
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Definition
| gas containing solid particles so small that frictional drag forces effectively force the particles to travel at the same speed as the gas |
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Term
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Definition
| any material thrown out from a vent during volcanic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| description of any material that changes its shape when a stress is applied to it but recovers to its original shape |
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Term
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Definition
| an equation describing the law that states that the total energy of a system cannot be destroyed, only redistributed among its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| process by whereby the flow of one material through or past another surrounding material causes some of the surrounding material to be mixed into the flowing material |
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Term
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Definition
| a geometric property of a flowing fluid in a channel equal to four times the cross-sectional area at right angles to the perimeter in contact with the floor and walls |
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Term
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Definition
| speed at which volcanic materials emerge through surface vent |
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Term
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Definition
| moving zone w/in a fluid across which the pressure decreases significantly |
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Term
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Definition
| process that takes place suddenly, or involves very large pressure change |
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Term
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Definition
| depth at which gas dissolved in a rising magma first starts to come out of solution and form gas bubbles in response to the decreasing pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| release a gas from solution in a liquid. The opposite of dissolve |
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Term
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Definition
| pumice clasts in the interior of an ignimbrite deposit that have become stretched sideways while still hot as the deposit is compressed by the weight of overlyin material |
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Term
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Definition
| process wherebymagma is squeezed out of its partly molten source rocks when stress causes compaction of the unmelted material |
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Term
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Definition
| process wherebymagma is squeezed out of its partly molten source rocks when stress causes compaction of the unmelted material |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture in rock, elongate surface vent from which magma is erupted |
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Term
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Definition
| rare basaltic eruption in which very large volume of basalt is erupted in a geologically short space of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a lava flow which is the product of a single eruptive event from a single vent |
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Term
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Definition
| location beneath the surfac ewhere the earthquake takes place |
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Term
| fractional crysallization |
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Definition
| formation of crystals in a cooling liquid. Each forms at own characteristic temperature range |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of material broken from a larger piece of material |
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Term
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Definition
| process of breaking material into smaller pieces, soid or liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| depth below surface at which shearing stresses tear a magma containing gas bubbles apart into clots of liquid carried along by the gas released from the bubbles broken by the tearing process |
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Term
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Definition
| force that opposes the motion f any 2 material in contact and sliding past one another |
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Term
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Definition
| layer inside the trunk of a tree, forming parallel to the bark and marking a time when the growth of the tree was inhibited by unusually cold weather |
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Term
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Definition
| places where volatile compounds being released from the interior of a volcanic deposit reach the surface and settle to form deposits on the grounds as they cool |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest part of an eruption column, where the inertia of the erupted materials, which has been determined by the expansion of volcanic gases beneath the surface, is the main control on their motion |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of dikes radiating for great distances away from some region where a very large magma resevoir has existed at some time |
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Term
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Definition
| a trench-like depression formed in an area of extensional forces. the crust is forced apart and breaks along two parallel normal faults dipping toward one another, with the ground between the faults moving downward |
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Term
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Definition
| the variation of the average grain size of a deposit with vertical position within it. in normal grading the mean size increases downward, whereas in reverse (or inverse)grading it increases upward in the deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of a body of material consisting of discrete solid clasts in which only the interaction between clasts controls the motion - any gas or liquid between the clasts has no important effects |
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Term
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Definition
| description applied to eruptions like those common in Hawaii, where basaltic lava is erupted, commonly explosively |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions where heat is transported upward through the crust mainly by the frequent passage of magma through the surrounding rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| Regions where heat is transported upward through the crust mainly by the frequent passage of magma through the surrounding rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid supersaturated in a dissolved volatile compound when the bubbles nucleate on crystals in the liquid or irregularities in the boundary between the liquid and its solid surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| the settling of solid particles in a fluid where the particles are so close together that they either collide with one another or interfere with the smooth flow of the fluid around them |
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Term
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Definition
| process of the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid supersaturated in a dissolved volatile compound when the bubbles have no solid surfaces on which to nucleate and so appear at random within the liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| place where there is an unusually large upward flow of heat from the mantle toward the surface. Generally a location of significant volcanic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fragmental and chemically altered rock produced when erupting lava interacts strongly, generally explosive, with surface water |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of fragmental and chemically altered rock produced when a fissure eruption occurs in shallow water, most commonly beneath a glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| description of any eruption process in which magma or lava interactswith external water |
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Term
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Definition
| process involving the circulation of water at shallow depths in the crust as a result of heat supplied by intruded magma |
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Term
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Definition
| a large body of rock formed from the deposition of pyroclasts that have traveled from a vent as a pyroclasts density currents |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of explosive eruption that produces large volumes of pyroclasts emplaced as pyroclastic density currents |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative description of the lowest part of an eruption column where the inertia of the erupted material dominates the motion |
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Term
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Definition
| deposit of pyroclasts in which the average grain size increases upward in the deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| an arcuate group of volcanic islands formed above a subduction zone at the edge of a tectonic plate |
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Term
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Definition
| a contour line on the map of a volcanic deposit joining places where the thickness of the deposit is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| a contour line on the map of a volcanic deposit joining places where the grain size of the deposit is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| the Icelandic word for "glacierburst," the sudden release of a very large volume of water that has accumulated under a galcier as a result of melting caused by an eruption there. |
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Term
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Definition
| implies material that has come directly from the deep interior of the planet |
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Term
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Definition
| rare type of mafic rock resulting from the eruption or intrusion of magma coming from unusually great depth in the mantle. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with the movement of material |
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Term
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Definition
| ultramafic magma forming low-viscosity lava flows, common in early Earth history |
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Term
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Definition
| intrusion of magma that has a relatively large vertical extent compared with its horizontal width |
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Term
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Definition
| a place where lava breaks out from the edge of an existing lava flow deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively thick and short lava deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| individual deposit of a discrete phase of an effusive eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| group of lava flow deposits emplaced in successive phases of a prolonged eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| jet of hot pyroclasts ejected from an explosive volcanic vent, rising to a significant height, and then falling back to the surface (fire fountain) |
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Term
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Definition
| interior of a lava flow where the surface layers of the flow have ceased to move and thus form an insulating roof reducing heat loss from lava still flowing beneath |
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Term
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Definition
| the stationary edge of a lava flow |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of graben found on Mars |
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Term
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Definition
| the temp at which a magma becomes completely molten |
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Term
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Definition
| a fragment of rock broken from the rocks through which a volcanic event has taken place and incorporated into the erupted volcanic materials |
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Term
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Definition
| outer part of a planet where the rocks behave as brittle solids, consisting of the crust and the upper part of the mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure at a given depth below the surface due to the weight of the overlying layers of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| cone-shaped accumulation of pyroclasts on land close to the ocean, built up by explosions when lava enters the water |
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Term
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Definition
| crater formed by an explosive interaction between magma approaching the surface and water |
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Term
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Definition
| molten or partly molten rock beneath the surface of the planet |
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Term
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Definition
| localized concentration of magma in the pore space of host rocks. The rocks deform to allow the magma concentrations to pass through, so that it moves like a wave through host rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| part of mantle where buoyancy causes the mantle rocks to rise toward the surface. Commonly the site of pressure-release melting |
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Term
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Definition
| the mass of magma passing through a volcanic system every second |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with atmosphere, |
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Term
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Definition
| formed along a constructive tectonic plate margin by the accumulation of lavas erupted onto the ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
| a zone within the crust where magma passes through so often that the host rocks are partly molten |
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Term
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Definition
| decrip. of material that is denser than the material surrounding it, so that it will tend to sink through its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| any location above or below ground where volcanic materials have the same density as their surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| Descrip. of a fluid with the property that any change is applied stress produces a directly proportional change in rate of deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| descrip. of afluid in which the rate of defformation is not directly proportional to a change in the applied stress |
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Term
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Definition
| descrip. of a pyroclastic deposit in which the grain size increases downward in the deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of rock consisting of the subsurface part of an old spreading center now uplifted and exposed at the Earth's surface by tectnoic forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary waves, compressive waves spreading out from an earthquake focus into the surrounding rocks. fastsest waves |
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Term
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Definition
| small lava flow unit consisting entirely of pahoehoe lava extending for a short distance from a larger flow unit |
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Term
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Definition
| lava type where the surface is smoothly folded into a series of ripples called ropes |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which part of a mass of rock melts, the liquid still containing the mineral grains that have not yet melted |
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Term
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Definition
| lava flow that has spread out sideways so that it has a similar width to length. The shape is sometimes controlled by pre-existing topography but can be self-generated by a suitable combination of eruption rate and very shallow ground slope |
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Term
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Definition
| type of rock rich in olivine, found in the Earth's mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| study of all aspects of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative term for co-ignimbrite cloud |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp. of eruption involving interaction between magma and surface, near-surface, or ground water |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp. of a sustained explosive eruption in which magma interacts with surface or ground water, generally resulting in more fragmentation of the magma than in a Plinian eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| lava flow lobe that is appx as as it is thick, produced by a low lava extrusion rate under water |
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Term
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Definition
| a lava flow consisting of a pile of pillows |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a fluid that is capable of deforming smoothly in response to an applied stress |
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Term
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Definition
| property of a non-Newotnian fluid expressing the ratio between a change in applied stress and a corresponding change in rate of deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a series of sections of the Earth's lithosphere behaving as a rigid solid |
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Term
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Definition
| term applied to our current understanding of the Earth's lithosphere, with rigid plates sliding as discrete structures on top of the plastic mantle and interacting at their edges |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a sustained explosive discharge of volcanic gas and pyroclasts forming a large eeruption cloud in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| An elastic property of a solid, specifically the ratio of transverse to logitudinal strain when a tensional force is applied |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with the position of an object in a force field |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a volcanic fluid emerging from a vent in such a way that the pressure within the fluid is equal to the atmospheric pressure at the level of the vent |
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Term
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Definition
| volcanic rock containing vesicles |
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Term
| pyroclastic density current |
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Definition
| mixture of gas and suspended or entrained solids released in a sustained explosive eruption and forming a dense fluid that moves along the ground at high speed |
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Term
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Definition
| any fragment of volcanic material produced in an explosive eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of gas and pyroclasts erupted explosively through a vent, traveling upward, and then falling back to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| short-lived form of a pyroclastic density current |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmental layer on the surface of a planet. If a biological component is present,called soil |
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Term
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Definition
| time that particles ot aerosols spend in the atmosphere before settling to the ground. More generally the time taken for any particles suspended in a fluid to settle out |
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Term
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Definition
| study of way fluid deform in response to stress |
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Term
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Definition
| rock type with high silica |
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Term
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Definition
| regions atoung the rim of the Pacific Ocean dominated by volcanic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by accumulation and coalescence of hot pyroclasts falling from a lava fountain |
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Term
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Definition
| site of volcanic explosion that is not directly underlain by a volcanic vent, for example a place where an explosion occurs in a lava flow advancing over waterlogged ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2ndary waves, shear wacves spreading out from an earthquake focus into the surrounding rocks. These waves can propagate in solids, not liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| to bounce over the ground, as when particles are almost suspended in a strong wind |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a fluid containing the max amount of volatiles allowed by the current pressure and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| settling of particles from a fluid to form a layer at the base of the fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a subsurface region within which no sources of seismic waves occur because the region is occupied by magma |
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Term
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Definition
| speed of a seismic wave, a sound wave in rock generated by an earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| the elastic property of a solid expressing the fractional amount by which it deforms in response to a shearing stress |
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Term
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Definition
| a lava flow that is very wide compared with its thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| a sheet-like body of magma, often appx horizontal, intruded at some depth below the surface along the interface between two pre-existing rock layers |
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Term
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Definition
| a meandering type of channel found on the moon and mars where hot turbulent lava has eroded the surface over which it has flowed |
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Term
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Definition
| body of gas rising through a volcanic dike or conduit where the vertical extent of the gas is much greater than the width of the dike or conduit |
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Term
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Definition
| temp below which magma is completely solid |
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Term
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Definition
| a solitary wave; is a wave that travels w/o changing shape or size |
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Term
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Definition
| law specifying how much of a given volatile compound can be dissolved in a magma at a given pressure and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a redge parallel to a fissure vent consisting of pyroclasts ejected from the fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| boundary between two tectonic plates at which new crust is being created by volcanic eruptions and intrusions and the plates are moving apart |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby blocks of country rock become detached from the roof or walls of a magma resevoir and fall into the magma |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which a solid or liquid changes its length, expressed as a fraction of its original length, as a result of an applied stress |
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Term
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Definition
| explosive volcanic activity characterized by the intermittent arrival, at the surface of the magma in a vent, of giant gas bubbles that burst, throwing out the disrupted liquid skin of the bubble |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of any process taking place in an atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby some tectonic plates are forced down into the Earth's interior beneath other plates |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a class of sustained explosive volcanic activity producing relatively small eruption plumes in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a fluid containing more of a dissolved volatile compound than it should be capable of dissolving under its current pressure and temperature conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular attraction force acting parallel to any interface between two fluids and tending to reduce the area of contact |
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Term
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Definition
| strength of a material when subject to a tensional force |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively fine-grained fragmented volcanic rock |
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Term
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Definition
| steady speed reached by an object falling through a fluid in a gravitational field when the upward drag force exerted on it by the fluid is jut equal to the downward gravitational force |
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Term
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Definition
| type of terrain on Venus characterized by extensive faultin in more than one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a type of non-Newtonian fluid in which the viscosity decreases as the applied stress increases |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of type of basalt, rich in plagioclase and pyroxene, at mid-ocean ridges |
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Term
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Definition
| type of lava with a very rough surface texture consisting of many sharp spines roughly arranged in rows |
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Term
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Definition
| descrp of a process that involves a frictional force from an overlying fluid dragging a particle sideways |
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Term
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Definition
| tectonically complex region where the boundaries between three tectonic plates meet |
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Term
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Definition
| an unusually energetic form of Plinian explosive eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| uppermost part of a volcanic eruption cloud where the vertical motion ceases an gas and pyroclasts spread sideways in the atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| descrp of a fluid containing less of a dissolved volatile than it is capable of dissolving under its current pressure and temperature conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively small and narrow fracture ina rock containing material that is different from the host rock |
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| holes in volcanic rocks where gas bubbles were present as magma rose to the surface |
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| property of a fluid describing its resistance to deforming and flowing when stress is applied to it |
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| chemical compound with a low boiling point; In volcanology- gases commonly dissolved in magma at depth in the planet |
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| Volcanic Explosivity Index |
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Definition
| between 0 and 8 giving a combined measure of the magnitude and intensity of a volcanic eruption |
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| relatively long-lived and steady seismic activity associated with the flow of magma through a volcanic dike or conduit |
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| descrp of a lava flow that ceases to advance b/c the supply of magma from the vent has ceased |
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| development of mechanical strength between hot pyroclasts in close contact causing them to stick together |
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| fragment of rock accidently incorporated into rising magma and brought up from the interior of the planet |
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| the stress level that must be exceeded before a non-Newtonian fluid will begin to deform and flow |
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