Term
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Definition
| Erupted during historic time |
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Definition
| Not erupted during historic time |
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Term
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Definition
| hill or mountain that forms around a vent where lava, pyroclastic materials, and gases erupt |
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Term
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Definition
| All processes related to the rise and discharge of magma and gases at the surface or into the atmosphere |
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Term
| What are the gases produced in most volcanoes? |
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Definition
| 50-80% water vapor and hydrogen sulfide gas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forms within a flow when its margins and upper surface solidify |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth ropy surface like taffy; hot temperature and thinner |
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Term
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Definition
| Rough, jagged, angular blocks and fragments; in cooler temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulbous masses of basalt lava formed under water |
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Term
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Definition
| Columns bounded by fractures; magic lava; Devil's Tower and Devil's Post Pile |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyroclastic materials less than 20mm; ash fall and ash flow |
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Term
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Definition
Lapilli (2-64mm)
Blocks/bombs (64mm+) |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular depression formed by explosions or collapses |
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Term
| Describe shield volcanoes |
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Definition
convex side up
Magic lava
Low viscosity
Hawaiian type eruptions (quiet)
Common in ocean basins, some on continents (east Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
Small cinders form when pyroclastic materials accumulate around a vent from which they erupted
Form on the flanks or within the calderas of larger volcanoes |
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Term
| Describe composite volcanoes (stratovolcanoes) |
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Definition
Pyroclastic layers and lava flows (intermediate composition)
Flows cool forming an despite
"Lahar" volcanic mudflows |
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Term
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Definition
Steep sided bulbous mountains that form viscous felsic magma
Most violent and destructive
"Nuee ardente" |
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Term
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Definition
Explosive eruption of pyroclastic materials and the origin of huge calderas
Caused by a rising mantle plume (rhyolitic) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid lava pours out and simply builds up rather flat-lying areas |
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Term
| 2 reasons volcanoes fail to develop |
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Definition
| Fissure eruptions and pyroclastic sheet deposits |
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Term
| Dissolved gasses in magma are responsible for the violent eruptions when.... |
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Definition
| They instantaneously change from liquid to gas as pressure is suddenly released |
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Term
| This rock forms by the pressure release of dissolved gases |
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Definition
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Term
| The typical characteristics of the Hawaiian volcanoes are... |
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Definition
Shield volcanoes
Lava flows
Basaltic magma |
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Term
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Definition
| Lava flows erupted under water |
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Term
| A common characteristic of composite or stratovolcanoes is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Magma formation and volcanism along oceanic ridges and rises result from.... |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you describe the size of pyroclastic eruptions? |
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Definition
| Volcanic explosivity index |
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Term
| Volcanism along oceanic spreading ridges and rises is characterized by... |
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Definition
Basalt composition
Passive eruptions
Pillow lava |
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Term
| Yellowstone had what type of volcanic eruption? |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanism in the Hawaiian islands is associated with which plate tectonic setting? |
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Definition
| Intra plate mantle hot spot |
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Term
| The most common cause of climatic changes associated with volcanism is... |
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Definition
| Global cooling due to gases and ash released into the atmosphere |
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Term
| 2 major factors control eruptive style |
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Definition
| magma composition and amount of dissolved gases (volatiles) |
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Term
| Describe the mafic composition of a volcano |
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Definition
Basaltic magma
Depleted in silica
High in iron and magnesium
Found at high temps
Low viscosity
Passive lava flow |
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Term
| Describe felsic volcano eruptions |
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Definition
Rhyolitic magma
Depleted in iron and magnesium
Enriched in silica
Found at lower temps
High viscosity
Violent pyroclastic lava |
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Term
| Describe an intermediate volcano eruption |
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Definition
Andesitic magma
Intermediate silica and iron/magnesium content
Intermediate temps
Intermediate viscosity
Produces violent and passive eruptions |
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Term
| Why are volcanic gases important? |
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Definition
| They formed earths atmosphere and oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased temp mixtures of volcanic ash and gases that move down the sides of volcanoes at high speeds and due to density; "glowing clouds" |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease temp mixture of volcanic debris and water that moves down the flanks of volcanoes |
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Term
| What are the dangers of volcanoes? |
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Definition
Loss of life and property
Atmospheric changes: blocking and absorbing sunlight |
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Term
| What are the benefits of volcanoes? |
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Definition
Creates new land
Produce fertile soils
Geothermal energy
Produces hydrothermal mineral deposits
Produce atmosphere and oceans
Produce information about earth's interior |
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Term
| What is the origin of basalt magma? |
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Definition
| Produced by partial melting of mantle peridotite |
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Term
| What mineral forms by oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral forms by hydrolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What climate condition would frost wedging be most effective? |
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Definition
| Wet middle latitude areas |
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Term
| Where would you commonly find mud with both marine and nonmarine fossils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of weathering is hydrolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common cement in clastic or detrital sedimentary rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when sharp corners and edges of sedimentary particles are abraded and smoothed during transport |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which all particles in a deposit or rock are the same size |
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Term
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Definition
| site where physical, biological, and chemical processes yield a distinctive kind of sedimentary deposit |
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Term
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Definition
| converting sediment into rock by compacation or cementation |
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Term
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Definition
| any aspect of rock unit that makes it different from adjacent sedimentary rocks of the same age |
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Term
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Definition
| invasion of a coastal area or a continent by the sea, resulting from a rise in sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| withdrawal of sea from a continent or coastal area |
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Term
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Definition
| layer that shows a decrease in grain size from bottom to top |
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Term
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Definition
| crack in clay-rich sediment that forms from drying and shrinkage |
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Term
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Definition
| transport of rock material by water, wind or ice |
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Term
| What is mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
| change in size without a change in composition; increases surface area which makes other types of weathering to occur at faster rates |
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Term
| thermal expansion and contraction |
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Definition
| daily heating and cooling will weaken rocks and sometimes cause fractures |
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Term
| What is the most important agent in chemical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is water a good solvent? |
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Definition
| because it is a dipolar molecule and will attach and seperate charged atoms |
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Term
| Acid solutions have an access of what atoms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is the zone of accumulation of fine-grained clay and pyroclastic materials |
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Term
| Th most abundant gas in the atmospheric air is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the zone of partially altered rock material |
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Term
| How are inorganic chemical percipitate sedimentary rocks classified? |
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Definition
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Term
| Size, shape and degree of sorting of clastic (detrital) sediment provide what information? |
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Definition
| the distance traveled, environment or conditions of deposition, and the method of transport of the sediments |
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Term
| What are natural resources formed by extreme tropical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 magma differentiation processes that change the composition of a magma |
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Definition
crystal settling
assimilation
magma mixing |
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Term
| Name the 2 most abundant dissolved gases contained in magma |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of deposits are formed by water-rich magmatic fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Wentworth Scale classifies sand as clastic or detrital sediments between what sizes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain why the O-Horizon is critical to soil formation |
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Definition
| because it holds moisture and releases organic acids that form new soil |
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Term
| Name 2 sedimentary environments where shale commonly form |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain why quartz and clay are the 2 most abundant minerals in clastic sediments and rocks. |
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Definition
Quartz: because it is very stable due to high hardness and no clevage
Clay: because it forms at the surface by weathering making it stable there |
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Term
| Name a sedimentary rock that is formed by chemical percipitation. |
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Definition
rock salt
rock gympsum
chert |
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Term
| What type of soil is found in Georgia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the horizons of soil and their "zone names" |
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Definition
O Horizon
A Horizon (zone of removal)
B Horizon (zone of accumulation)
C Horizon (zone of bedrock) |
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Term
| What are the 3 major types of sediments? |
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Definition
clastic (detrital)
chemical
biochemical |
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Term
| What are the 3 common cements? |
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Definition
iron oxides
quartz
calcite |
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Term
| Name the 6 continental (freshwater/land) environments |
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Definition
lakes
deserts
glacial
rivers
swamps
alluvial fan |
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Term
| Name the 3 marine environments |
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Definition
deep marine
shallow marine
coral or organic reefs |
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Term
| Name the 2 transitional environments |
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of clastic sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
Breccia (gravel)
Sandstone (sand)
Mudstone (mud) |
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Term
| Name chemical sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
rock salt (evaporites)
rock gympsum (evaporites)
calcite (limestone |
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Term
| Name biochemical sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
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