cartilage shaped like a tetrahedron

• thyroid cartilage (unpaired)
• cricoid cartilage (unpaired)
• epiglottis (unpaired)
• arytenoid cartilage (paired)
• cuneiformc cartilage (paired)
• corniculate cartilage (paired)

aditus laryngis

• opening in the glottis during vocal fold adduction
• most commonly in the cartilaganeous portion

• innervated by the SLN
• two parts, recta and oblique
• tilts the thyroid anteriorly to stretch vocal folds

• innervated by the RLN
• only ABductor of the larynx
• connected from cricoid cartilage to arytenoids

• antagonist to the posterior cricoarytenoid
• ADducts the membraneous portion of the vocal folds
• innervated by the RLN

• transverse arytenoid
• oblique arytenoid

• helps adduct the cartilaganeous portion of the VF
• innervated by the RLN
• unpaired

• helps adduct the cartilaganeous portion of the VF
• innervated by the RLN
• paired

Which muscles adduct the membraneous portion of the vocal folds

interarytenoids

• transverse
• oblique

• most of the mass of the vocal folds
• two parts
• muscularis (relaxer)
• vocalis (tensor)

• the covers is the gelatinous mucosal wave that undulates to create phonation. without the cover there would not be phonation
• -Hirano

• each time the vocal folds vibrate it is a result of a neural impulse.
• -disputed because some frequencies are highter than the rate at which nerves can fire

the velocity of the airstream is constant until it reaches the adducted vocal folds. Velocity is then icreased until it blows apart the vocal folds. Negative pressure builds up forcing the folds to go back together.

-Bernoulli effect

• simultaneous
• hard
• breathy

• normal attack 
• the vocal folds adduct and the air goes through at the same time.

• vocal folds come together BEFORE the air escapes
• causes a clicking noise

• air escapes Before the vocal folds approximate

• pitch
• loudness
• quality

• frequency
• intensity
• complexity

• frequency
• measured in Hz
• the more mass the lower the pitch
• the more tension the higher the pitch

• intensity
• measured in dB
• control of loudness had to do with the control of the closed phase of the vibratory cycle, the longer the closed phase, the louder

• complexity
• symmetrical, healthy, good periodicity of vocal folds gives good quality
• hoarse, breathy or harsh voice because vocal folds are out of sync

• raises the pharynx, moves it inward
• assists with VP closure

• identify abuses
• eliminate abuses

• Life threatening  
• ADDuctory paralysis- phonation impossible, aspiration likely. Surgery needed
• ABductory paralysis- causes respiratory problems, traceostomy needed.

• often has spontaneous recovery
• some phonation possible
• facilitative approach- inhalation phonation, half-swallow boom, digital manipulation

• excessive collision of arytenoid cartilages usually due to hard glottal attack
• excessive throat clearing
• intubation

disordered phonation

• any negative alteration in normal phonation

parts that make up speech

• respiration
• innervations
• phonation
• resonance
• articulation

• intensity- is it loud enough?
• hygenic- produced in a manner that doesn't cause trauma?
• overall quality and pleasantness
• emotional tone
• representative- represents age and gender

1. epithelial tissue
2. lamina propria (Reinke's space)
3. vocal ligamen
4. conus elasticus
5. vocalis
6. muscularis

• VP port open for nasals, closed for oral sounds

• for oral sounds
• tensory palatini
• elevator palatini
• pasavant's bar
• constrictor muscles
• salpingopharyngeus

• palatoglossus
• pharyngeoglossus

vocal polyps

• lesion is soft, fluid filled, and occurs in the inner margin of one vocal fold
• due to hyperfunction after ONE event  
• sessile or pedunculated
• severe dysphonia
• vocal therapy is the first approach

• benign lesion
• bilateral, whitish protuberance on the glottal margin of each fold (like a callous)
• due to continous hyperfunction

• swelling (edema) of the vocal folds as a result of excessive hyperfunction after one event
• hoarse voice lacking volume
• edema is accompanied by irritation and increased blood accumulation

chronic laryngitis

• occurs if the speaker attemps to speak above the laryngitis.
• the temporary edema may become permanent plypoid thickening of the vocal folds

vocal fold divisions

• can be divided into thirds
• anterior two-thirds is muscular (vocalis)
• the posterior third is cartilaginous (arytenoids)

• whitish, precancerous lesions
• etiology is continouos irritation of membranes-smoking, LPR

• wartlike growths, viral in origin
• usually found in children under 5
• can be a threat to the airway, if so, surgery is needed

• may be congenital or acquired
• thin membrane grows across the glottis, connecting the vocal folds
• surgery cuts out the web
• a keel is placed so that the folds won't grow back together

keel

• small object placed between the two folds until the healing of vocal folds is complete.
• prohibits a webbing from occuring

• whisper voice because vocal folds don't adequately vibrate
• etiology- conversion hysteria, stress, anxiety

• double voice, 2 distinct voice sources
• etiology- polyps, vocal fold paralysis, laryngeal web
• treatment- voice therapy or surgery

• interferes with communication
• draws attention to itself
• deviates from the norm
• causes distress for the speaker, listener or both

• investigative role
• collaborative role
• identify and eliminate abuses
• teach client to be their own clinician

• speech that doesn't require any adjustment
• series of pitch within the vocal fold setting

• valving mechanism
• situated midline in the neck
• primary function is biological- protect airway
• speech is the overlayed function
• primarily cartilaginous, 1 bone, and muscles

• shield shaped cartilage of the larynx
• thyroid notch
• superior cornu
• inferior cornu

• ring on top of the trachea
• solid base of the larynx

• tetrahydral shape
• sit on top of the posterior portion of the cricoid cartilage
• rock, slide, and rotate on the cricoid cartilage

• small cone-shaped bodies that sit on the apex of the arytenoids

• only bone of the larynx
• composed of 3 parts, corpus, lesser cornu, greater cornu

triticial tissue

• connects greater cornu of hyoid and the superior cornu of thyroid

• best pitch for the structures

• the pitch that is usually used, may or may not be the optimal pitch

1. as air is inhaled, diaphragm is flattened, intercostals separate and the lungs fill with air
2. air pressure is negative relative to outside pressure

• the false folds adduct together over the true vocal folds, may also display diplophonia

• temporary, but complete cessation of phonation

• groove or infolding of mucosa along the edge of a vocal fold