Term
| what are some characteristics of the human voice? |
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Definition
Carrier of words
Emotional outlet – voice disorders may manifest due to emotional issues
“The voice reveals the inner self”: reflection of personality
Can attract (“soothing” quality), repel (loud, abrasive quality)
Delivers the message & adds to its meaning |
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Term
voice production is the result of ___________ of VF, which lead to _______________.
Voice production is complex - meaning what? |
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Definition
vibration
acoustic waveform
arises from interplay of neural, muscular, and aerodynamic processes |
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Term
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Definition
SLP
Otolaryngologist (ENT)
voice scientist
Entire team interact with the patient and each other during diagnostic examinations. |
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Term
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Definition
Series of interacting valves:
labial valve, lingual valve, velopharyngeal valve, and laryngeal valve |
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Term
What are 3 biological functions of the larynx?
What is the non-biological function? |
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Definition
1. act as valve to prevent air from escaping the lungs (stabilization of abdomen) (eg, weightlifting, giving birth, etc.)
2. act as valve to prevent foreign bodies from entering trachea
3. to forcefully expel objects that threaten the trachea (eg, coughing)
non-biological = production of sound |
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Term
| what is an advantage of having of lowered larynx in humans? |
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Definition
| That the epiglottis can get out of the way of the tongue better and we can produce more effective speech. Advantage in speech production |
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Term
| what are some cavities of the larynx? |
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Definition
1. valleculae
2. vestibule - space between the inferior portion of epiglottis and superior portion of ventricular folds
3. ventricular folds
4. laryngeal ventrical (glottis)
5. true vocal folds
6. subglottal atrium - below glottis
7. pyriform sinuses - lateral to the epiglottis |
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Term
1. larynx is suspended by ________ bone.
2. name the 4 major cartilages that make up larynx |
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Definition
1. hyoid
2. epiglottis, thyroid cart., arytenoid carts. (w/ corniculate carts.- minor, tho), cricoid cart |
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Term
| the cartilages of the larynx are made up of what kind of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline - most abundant in body, will eventually ossify into bone. |
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Term
what are the 3 singular cartilages of larynx?
what are 3 pair cartilages of larynx? |
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Definition
1. epiglottis, thyroid cart, and cricoid cart.
2. arytenoid carts, corniculate carts, and cuneiform carts. |
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Term
| where is the cuneiform carts. located? |
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Definition
| within the quadrangular membrane (close to the epiglottis) |
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Term
| what are the minor carts of larynx? what do they help to do? |
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Definition
cuneiform carts (w/in quadrangular membrane) and corniculate carts (sit atop of arytenoids).
Help to provide more structure to system |
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Term
| what are the membranes of the larynx? |
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Definition
1. thyrohyoid membrane
2. conus elasticus - membrane that extends from cricoid to vocal ligaments. 3 portions of the CE, one of which is the vocal ligament (made from "free" portion of CE. Medial portion of true VF. Runs length of VF
3. quadrangular membrane - runs from epiglottis to arytenoid carts. Lies superior to VF. Forms laryngeal vestibule
4. cricotracheal ligament - connects cricoid w/ 1st tracheal ring
5. thyroepiglottic ligament- connects epiglottis to thyroid cart. |
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Term
The joint that connects the thyroid cart and the cricoid cart is called _______________.
Function? |
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Definition
cricothyroid joint.
change of VF length. Stretches VF by moving down and forward. |
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Term
| Cricoid cart has two places where joints attach. What kind of joints are they? |
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Definition
Synovial joints
Cricothyroid joint and cricoarytenoid joints |
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Term
| what are the functions of the cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints? |
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Definition
| change aspects of the VF, such as pitch, loudness, and quality. |
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Term
| what are the 3 processes of the arytenoid cartilages? |
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Definition
apex - superior (where arytenoids attach to corniculate cart)
vocal process - medial
muscular process - lateral |
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Term
Joint that attaches the cricoid cart to the arytenoid carts?
Function and movement of joint? |
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Definition
cricoarytenoid joint.
rocking, gliding, and rotating motion that aducts and abducts VF |
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Term
| what are the two ligaments that attach to and secure the epiglottis? |
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Definition
1. hyoepiglottic ligament - attaches hyoid bone and epiglottis
2. thyroepiglottic ligament
** sides of epiglottis attach to quandrangular membrane |
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Term
| characteristics of hyoid bone? |
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Definition
free "floating" bone
Only bone of larynx
site for many muscular attachments (eg, mandibular and laryngeal) |
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Term
| extrinsic muscles of larynx are characterized as __________ and ____________? based on location. |
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Definition
| suprahyoid and infrahyoid |
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Term
| suprahyoid muscles of larnyx are...? |
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Definition
1. digastricus (anterior and posterior bellies)- jaw opener
2. mylohyoid (elevates floor of mouth)
3. geniohyoid - jaw opener
4. stylohyoid |
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Term
| infrahyoid musculature of larynx? |
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Definition
1. sternohyoid - lower hyoid
2. omohyoid - lower hyoid and larynx
3. sternothyroid - lower larynx
4. thyrohyoid - raises larynx |
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Term
Intrinsic muscles of larynx?
Functions? |
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Definition
| 1. lateral cricoarytenoids (LCA) - adduction 2. Interarytenoids (transverse and oblique) - adduction 3. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) - abduction 4. cricothyroid (pars recta and pars oblique) - mm of thyroid cart; lengthening/tension of VF 5. Thyroarytenoid - muscle mass of VF. Medial (vocalis) and lateral portions. Shorten folds, increase stiffness, regulator of longitudinal tension. |
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Term
| 5 layers of the VF? (superficial --> deep). |
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Definition
1. epithelium (w/ basement membrane)
2. superficial lamina propria
3. intermediate L.P. (vocalis ligament)
4. Deep L.P. (vocalis ligament)
5. Vocalis muscle of TA |
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Term
| Mucosa/Covering of VF is key to _____? |
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Definition
| vocal fold vibration, loose structure that allows for easy vibration. (epithelium, basement membrane, superior L.P.) |
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Term
| the vocal ligament is composed of what? |
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Definition
intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria
free edge of conus elasticus |
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Term
| laryngeal mucosa consists of ? |
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Definition
| epithelium, superficial L.P., intermediate LP, and deep LP |
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Term
| Mechanical properties of layered system of VF |
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Definition
more superficial = more stretchy and fluid (esp. "cover" = epithelium and superficial LP)
Deeper layer (vocalis muscle) is more stiff |
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Term
| Layers of VF made up of relative amounts of __________ and _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What cranial nerve innervates intrinsic muscles of larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| During phonation, just true VF should adduct (not ventricular folds). |
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Definition
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Term
1. complete opening of the VF is used for what?
2. complete closure?
3. vibration defined as?
4. narrow opening of VF? |
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Definition
1. respiration - 1/3 abducted, production of VL consonants and speech breathing
2. sealing off trachea - swallowing, coughing, glottal stop
3. self-sustaining oscillation; all vowels, voiced consonants
4. whisper, glottal /h/, breathy quality - posterior abducted |
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Term
| Phonation is ______________? |
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Definition
| A self-sustaining quasi-periodic oscillation of the vocal folds that results from the interaction of muscular and aerodynamic forces in the vocal tract. |
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Term
| what are some variables that affect the quasi-periodic nature of VF vibration? |
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Definition
1. random and slight muscular contractions
2. blood pressure and pulsations thru the VFs |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of compressions and rarefactions of air waves via tiny puffs of air that leave the laryngeal system |
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Term
| the VF act as a valve in that they disrupt the flow of air thru the glottis = |
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Definition
| transient region on constriction |
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Term
| Changes in pitch and voice quality are dependent upon four factors: |
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Definition
1. generation of pressure
2. freq of VF vibration
3. the pattern/mode of voicing (chest vs. head)
4. set-up of vocal tract - positioning of supra-laryngeal structures |
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Term
| The rate of pulses of air per second is equal to ___________? |
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Definition
| Fundamental freq of the voice |
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Term
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Definition
| multiples of the F0 that fall off at approximately 12 dB/octave. |
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Term
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Definition
Source - larynx
filter - resonant chambers in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities. |
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Term
| Laryngeal engagement of the source-filter theory encompasses what? |
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Definition
1. Medial compression - adduction of the VF via the LCA and IA. Act of bring VF to midline
2. Longitudinal tension - stretching forces applied to VF tissue via the CT and TA muscles.
** Both MC and LT must occur prior to voicing. |
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Term
| Actual vibratory motion of the VF occurs in which direction/plane? |
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Definition
| Inferior to superior motion. |
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Term
| Mucosal/vertical wave seen at lower frequencies? |
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Definition
| (surface wave) forms: inferior-to-superior movement of the mucosa. This is evidenced by Vertical phase difference: the inferior margins of the vocal folds move in a different manner than the superior margins. Inferior separate first and close first. |
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Term
| Explain the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation |
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Definition
Air pressure from the lungs builds up underneath the closed folds. Once this pressure becomes high enough, the folds are blown outward, thus opening the glottis and releasing a single 'puff' of air.
The lateral movement of the vocal folds continues until the natural elasticity of the tissue takes over, and the vocal folds begin to move back to their original, closed position. In addition, negative pressure causes the vocal folds to be sucked together, creating a closed airspace below the glottis.
The cycle continues by building subglottic air pressure again. |
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Term
| What are three requirements of the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation? |
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Definition
1. There must be a build up of pressure below the level of the glottis via the respiratory system
2. There must be active muscle contraction via laryngeal engagement (forces of Medial compression and longitudinal tension)
3. Vocal folds must have elastic properties for self-sustaining oscillation. |
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Term
| Freq of vibration is dependent on ___________ and ___________ of the muscle mass of VF. |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of mechanism is VF vibration? Why? |
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Definition
passive
b/c the VF don't need continuous active contraction of the musculature to sustain phonation. It's the forces of MC and LT (at first) and then subglottal pressure, the Bernoulli Effect, and elastic properties of the VF that sustain phonation. |
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Term
| What is the Bernoulli Principle? |
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Definition
As the speed (velocity) of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases.
(and vise versa) |
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Term
Change of form of energy = thermodynamics
1st law of Thermodynamics = ?
2nd ? |
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Definition
1. Energy conservation (neither created nor destroyed, just changed)
2. Entropy - entropy of an isolated system that's not in equilibrium will only increase over time. |
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Term
(Bernoulli's Effect cont.)
1. When there's low velocity and high pressure = _______ kind of energy
2. When there's high velocity and low pressure = ___________ kind of energy |
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Definition
1. more potential than kinetic E
2. more kinetic than potential E |
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Term
| VF tissue has 3 inherent qualities = ? |
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Definition
1. Mass/masses
2. Elasticity
3. viscosity - inherent dampening effect w/in the tissue (how much energy can be absorbed by tissue) |
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Term
| Explain the 3-mass model of VF vibration |
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Definition
| There are 2 minor masses (cover of VF - epithelium and superficial L.P.) and 1 large mass (actual musculature). The masses are independent of each other, but all 3 are connected by springs and dampening constants. |
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Term
| , the vocal folds move in a wave-like motion from bottom to top, with the bottom edge leading the way (vertical phase difference, mucosal wave). |
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Definition
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Term
| It is important to realize that it is the puffs of air that create the sound, not the impact of the folds coming together. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between adduction/abduction and opening/closing cycles of phonation? |
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Definition
| Adduction/abduction refer to active muscular processes whereas opening/closing of VF during phonation refer to passive forces/processes |
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Term
| Transglottal pressure = ? |
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Definition
| relative difference between the pressure above and below the vocal folds. "Driving pressure" |
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Term
F0 determines the relative pitch of one's voice.
The average rate of vocal fold vibration over time is referred to as one's Modal F0. |
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Definition
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Term
1. Contraction of CT joint and muscle = ______
2. Contraction of TA muscle = ______ |
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Definition
1. lengthening of VF; increased pitch
2. shortening of VF; increased stiffness |
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Term
During falsetto, an increase in LENGTH of the VF results in a decrease of pitch
During Modal production, increase in length results in increase in pitch |
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Definition
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Term
| During falsetto AND modal production, an increase in thickness of the VF results in decrease of pitch. |
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Definition
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Term
| (major) Pitch Raising Mechanism of the VF is accomplished how? |
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Definition
| By simultaneous contraction of both the CT and the TA. CT contracts and lengthens and thins the TA. effective longitudinal tension builds when these actions occur simultaneously. |
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Term
| Pitch lowering is mostly done how? |
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Definition
| Through the TA. Contraction leads to reduced distance b/t thyroid cart and arytenoid cart. Vocal ligament becomes relaxed. LCA acts to maintain vocal fold approximation (medial compression) at low pitches |
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Term
| F0 is determined primarily by the tension of the vocal fold cover, and not by vocal fold length per se. |
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Definition
| Stretching VF makes them get thinner and build up a lot of tension; decrease in tissue density. |
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Term
How is intensity regulated?
What is intensity measured in?
What are the effects of increasing subglottal pressure? |
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Definition
1. primarily thru subglottal pressure
2. cm Hz0
3. greater AMP of vibration (more force = greater AMP). Longer CLOSED phase of vibration.
An increase of pressure changes requires more resistance to air flow to build up more pressure. |
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Term
| As vocal intensity increases, so too does mean rate of ______ and _________ |
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Definition
air flow
intra-tracheal pressure |
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Term
| what is maximum declination rate? |
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Definition
| how quickly VF are shutting off air flow. How quickly air flow stops. Related to VF adduction. If VF come together slowly, then will have a slow declination rate.Declination rate gives you harmonics of voice. Steep slope of closure on a graph reflects the Bernoulli Effect of negative suction. |
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Term
| There are 3 distinct ways we can control vocal intensity (although subglottal pressure is major factor). What are those 3 ways? |
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Definition
1. Breathing apparatus = tracheal pressure and airflow (physiological power)
2. laryngeal apparatus = opposing pressure & airway resistance (pattern of voice source excitation)
3. pharyngeal-oral apparatus = oral structures (velar height, mandibular & tongue positions, mouth opening) [sound radiation] |
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Term
If we think of the 3 apparati to changing vocal intensity in electrical terms, then:
air flow = the current
air way resistance = Olms; resistance
respiratory system = power |
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Definition
more resistance to air flow = producing increase in vocal intensity
closing of phar-oral structures = greater resistance to airflow |
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Term
| What are the differences between register and mode of vibration? |
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Definition
registers - diff in voice quality that can be sustained over some pitches and loudness. Registers can overlap in terms of pitch range.
MOV = pattern of activity that the vocal folds are going through during vibration. |
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Term
Degrees of freedom = _______?
How does this related to the VFs? |
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Definition
1. refers to how many ways a particular system is “free” to move. Eg, Your elbow joint has one degree of freedom.
2. Vocal folds are continuous soft tissue, and therefore have an unlimited number of degrees of freedom of movement. unlimited degrees of freedom of mm for VF, but VF will fall into certain modes of vibration. |
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Term
What are the 4 common modes of vibration?
NOTE: many modes of vibration happening simultaneously |
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Definition
1. 1st mode = like guitar string. AMP at max in center of VF. Simplest of modes.
2. 2nd mode = there is half-wavelength pattern of vibration in both vertical and horizontal plane.
3. 3rd mode = VFs are split in two and each half vibrates like 1st mode BUT no AMP in center of folds. Like a harmonic structure.
4. 4th mode = VF divided into 3 parts each part vibrates as in 1st mode. "S" shaped vibration |
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Term
What are the 3 modes (registers) of vibration?
MOV are not defined by frequency/pitch, more on quality of sound. Often an overlap between freq of registers. |
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Definition
1. Modal/chest
2. falsetto/head
3. pulse/glottal fry |
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Term
| Characteristics of modal register/mode? |
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Definition
1. Low Fo and pressure
2. TA & CT active
3. little long tension, thick VF (TA activation)
4. vertical phase/mucosal wave apparent
5. louder, stronger voice quality
6. longer closed phase of VF |
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Term
| Characteristics of falsetto/head voice? |
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Definition
1. high Fo, pressure, and long tension
2. only outer layer of cover vibrates
3. Few harmonics present
4. manner of vibration changes, small AMP of vibration, negligible vertical phase diff
5. VF are open longer, breathy quality
6. CT active only (TA lax) |
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Term
| Characteristics of pulse/glottal fry? |
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Definition
1. VERY low Fo, pressure, and long tension
2. short, thick VF
3. Very long closed phase
4. irregular vibration pattern - discrete bursts of air; noisy signal
5. TA active only |
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Term
| Characteristics of "usual" vocal attack? |
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Definition
| 1. VF approximation, medium laryngeal opposition, expiratory air flow, and gradual increase in air pressure occur all at once. |
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Term
| characteristics of "hard" vocal attack? |
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Definition
VF approximation and high laryngeal opposition occur first
then abrupt air pressure change and lastly expiratory flow starts |
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Term
| Characteristics of "soft" vocal attack? |
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Definition
expiratory airflow and gradual increase in air pressure start first.
then low laryngeal opposing pressure and VF approximation happen last. |
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Term
| what are the types of biomechanic stress? |
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Definition
1. tensile stress - CT contraction/longitudinal tension. Passive
2. Contractile stress - contraction of TA. Active
3. Impact (collision) stress - act of VF slamming together. VF moving medially.
4. inertial stress - VF stretching w/in themselves b/c of elasticity.
5. aerodynamic stress - air pressure in the glottis and effect of Bernouli principle (suction via negative pressure)
6. interaryntenoid stress - contact stress; not directly related to VF, but present in hard vocal onsets.
7. Shear stress - mm of VF against each other; force parallel to surface. |
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Term
| which biomechanical forces of laryngeal stress can damage VF? |
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Definition
1. Tensile stress (CT)
2. Impact stress (of TA hitting each other)
3. Interarytenoid stress (hard vocal onset)
Build up of stresses too much over long period of time can cause damage |
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Term
| At birth, larynx is positioned high in throat - around C3, and as we age it descends into C5-C7. |
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Definition
Before puberty growth rate of larynx is about the same.
Male’s VF mechanism grows at a much faster rate than female’s. Membranous portion is where most of the growth occurs.Male’s larynx much greater in terms of length. Around 15 years, VF length increases in males and females and starts to stop around 20. As membranous length of VF increases, freq (F0) decreases. |
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Term
| As males approach elderly years, there is an increase in F0 (~70+ years). Not the case for females. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the consequences of ossified cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
| reduces overall flexibility and mm of mechanism. Joints will also become less flexible over time. Reduced pitch range and ability of arytenoids to bring VF to midline = more breathy quality and reduction of build-up of Subglottal pressure. Reduced intensity. |
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Term
Contraction of vocalis – ______ pitch.
Contraction of lateral TA - ______ pitch
Contraction of CT and vocalis - ?
Relaxation of CT and contraction of TA lateralis - ? |
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Definition
1. raises
2. lowers/decreases
3. raises pitch
4. decreases pitch |
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