f = fish

 Fricative

Place II: Labio-Dental

Voiceless

 Cognate Partner = v 

v = vine

Fricative

Place II: Labio-Dental

Voiced

Cognate Parter = f 

Θ  = thigh

Fricative

Place III: Dental

Voiceless

Cognate Parter = [image]

[image] = thy

Fricative

Place III: Dental

Voiced

Cognate Parter = Θ

[image] = so

Fricative

Place IV-B: Alveolar

Post-Dental: extreme front of upper gums or teeth 

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = z

Sibilant; Hiss 

z = zoo

 Fricative

Place IV-B: Alveolar

Post-Dental: extreme front of upper gums or teeth 

Voiced

Cognate Partner = [image]

Sibilant; Buzz

∫  = shin

Fricative

Place IV-B: Alveolar

Palato-Alveolar: the middle of the upper gums

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = [image]

 Sibilants; Hiss

Fricative

Place IV-B: Alveolar

Palato-Alveolar: the middle of the upper gums

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = ∫

r = red

Fricative

Place IV-B: Alveolar

Post-Alveolar: extreme back of the upper gums 

Voiced

No Cognate Partner

Only used when "r" sound is followed by

a vowel or dipthong, otherwise use

r-coloring dipthong or middle vowel

Requirements for Good Sibilants 

1. Teeth almost closed, but not actually touching
2. Tip of tongue raised high toward gum ridge, but not touching
3. Lips slightly spread as in "i"
4. Thin swift column of air directed toward the gum ridge
   
   
   

Rule of Usage for "s" Plurals and Possessives 

 If the sound preceding the final "s" is voiceless,

then the "s" = [image]

If the sound preceding the final "s" is voiced, then

the "s" = z

p = pay

Stop-Plosive

Place I: Bilabial

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = b

Can be Aspirated

Nasal Plosion = + m 

b = bay

Stop-Plosive

Place I: Bilabial

Voiced

Cognate Partner = p

Nasal Plosion = + m

Dentalization = + Θ  or [image]

t = tan

 Stop-Plosive

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = d

Can be Aspirated

Nasal Plosion = + n

 Lateral Plosion = + l

Dentalization = + Θ  or [image]

d = Dan

Stop-Plosive

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiced

Cognate Partner = t

Nasal Plosion = + n

 Lateral Plosion = + l

Dentalization = + Θ  or [image]

k = con

 Stop-Plosive

Place VI: Velar

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = g

Can be Aspirated

g = gone

Stop-Plosive

Place VI: Velar

Voiced

Cognate Partner = k

Cognate 

A pair of consonant sounds prouced in the same

place and manner of articulation, one of the pair voiceless(vs) and the other voiced(vd). 

Dentalization (π)

The tip of the tongue touches the back of the

upper front teeth.

Occurs when t, d, n, or l is followed by Θ  or [image].

t∫  = chin

Affricate

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiceless

Cognate Parter = d_[image]

d_[image]= gin 

Affricate

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiced

Cognate Parter = t∫

Nasal Continuant 

The only sounds in the English language that are made with the soft palate in a relaxed and lower position.

The lower jaw and tongue are relaxed and the air

is sent through the nose 

m, n, [image]

m = my

Nasal

Place I: Bilabial

Voiced 

No Cognate Partner

Nasal Plosion = p or b + 

n = know

Nasal

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiced

No Cognate Partner

Nasal Plosion = t or d +

Dentalization = + Θ  or [image]

[image] = sing

Nasal

Place VI: Velar

Voiced

No Cognate Partner

Laterals 

 Only one lateral consonant sound in Spoken English.

Tip of the tongue touches the gum ridge just in the back of the upper front teeth.

Only sound where air is emitted over the sides of

the tongue. 

l 

l = law

Lateral

Place IV-A: Alveolar

Voiced

No Cognate Partner

Lateral Plosion = t or d +

 Dentalization = + Θ  or [image]

Stop-Plosives 

The air is either stopped or exploded by the articulators.

Called Aspirated when air is released

 p & b, t & d, k & g

Fricatives 

The air is forced through a narrow opening formed

by the articulators resulting in a kind of audible friction.

f & v, Θ & [image], [image] & z, ∫ & [image], h & [image]

Affricates 

Part of the Stop-Plosive family of sounds

A combination of a stop-plosive and a fricative

sounds blended together to make one sound

t∫  & d[image]

Aspiration 

For voiceless Stop-Plosive consonants:

when air is released or exploded 

h = he

Fricative

Place VII: Glottal

Voiceless

Cognate Partner = [image]

Never occur in the final position

Glides 

Only consonant sounds that are produced without interruption or detouring of breath stream

Know as semi-vowels

Articulators begin is one shape and then glide

from this position to the position of the vowel or

dipthong sound that follows 

ω & [image], j 

w = witch

Glide

Place I: Bilabial

Voiced

Cognate Partner = [image]

Does not occur in the final position 

j = you

Glide

Place V: Palatal

Voiced

No Cognate Partner

Does not occur in the final position 

 Liquid U = + μ

Place I: Bilabial 

Two lips articulating against one another

 p & b, m, [image] & w

Place II: Labio-Dental 

Lower Lip articulating against upper front teeth

f & v 

Place III: Dental 

Tip of tongue articulating against edge of upper

front teeth 

Θ  & [image]

Place IV-A: Alveolar 

Tip of tongue touching upper gum ridge directly behind upper front teeth

  t & d, n, l

 (and + IV-B = t∫ & d[image]; Affricates)

IV-B:Alveolar 

Edge of the tongue against the upper teeth at sides. Tip of tongue free, but not touching:

(1) Post-dental: Extreme frontof upper gum ridge or upper teeth ([image] & z)

(2) Palato-alveolar: Middle of upper gum ridge

(∫  & [image])

(3) Post-alveolar: Extreme back of upper gum ridge (r) 

Place V: Palatal 

Front of tonguee articulation against hard plate

j 

Place VI: Velar 

Back of tongue articulationg against soft palate (velum)

k & g, [image]

Plave VII: Glottal 

In the larynx

h & [image]

Sibilants 

Fricatives made in places IV-B1 and IV-B2

Hisses - voiceless (s, ∫)

Buzzes - voiced (z, [image])