Term
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Definition
| Explanations of unexpected or untoward behavior. They are of two sorts: excuses and justifications |
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Term
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Definition
| Status that an individuals earns, such as being a criminal or a college graduate |
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Term
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Definition
| All the individuals, groups, and media that teach social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on growing food using plows and large beasts of burden. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when workers have no control over the work process or the product of their labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable to current conditions. |
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Term
| Anticipatory socialization |
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Definition
| Process that prepares us for roles we are likely to assume in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed by birth and inheritance and is unalterable in a person's lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process through which individuals learn and adopt the values and social practices of the dominant group, more or less giving up their own values in the process. |
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Term
| Authoritarian personality |
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Definition
| Submissive to those in authority and antagonistic toward those lower in status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political systems in which the leadership is not selected by the people and legally cannot be changed by them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to be submissive to those in authority, coupled with an aggressive and negative attitude toward those lower in status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Power supported by norms and values that legitimate its use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes children born to one parent as well as children born to both parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The class that owns the tools and materials for their work-the means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special type of complex organization characterized by explicit rules and hierarchical authority structure, all designed to maximize efficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| The economic system, based on competition, in which most wealth (land, capital, and labor) is private property, to be used by its owners to maximize their own gain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rely largely on ascribed statuses as the basis for distributing scarce resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to extraordinary personal qualities that set an individual apart from ordinary mortals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The right to make decisions based on perceived extraordinary personal characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious organizations that have become institutionalized. They have endured for generations, are supported by and support society's norms and values, and have become an active part of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs, and symbols sacred to the U.S. nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Marxist theory, refers to a person's relationship to the means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when people understand their relationship to the means of production and recognize their true class identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rely largely on achhieved statuses as the basis for distriuting scarce resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exercise of power through force or the threat of force. |
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Term
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Definition
| Living with a romantic/sexual partner outside of marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a group, is characterized by high levels of interaction and by strong feelings of attachment and dependency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spontaneous action by groups in situations where cultural rules for behavior are vague, inadequate, or debated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the extent to which individuals in a neighborhood share the expectation that neighbors will intervene and work together to maintain social order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the belief that all races are created equal, that racial equality has already been achieved, and that therefore any minorities who do not succeed have only themselves to blame. |
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Term
| Commodification of children |
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Definition
| The process of turning children into goods available for purchase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of individuals characterized by dense, cross-cutting social networks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A struggle over scarce resources that is regulated by shared rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large formal organizations with elaborate status networks. |
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Term
| Compulsive heterosexuality |
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Definition
| Consists of continually demonstrating one's masculinity and heterosexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to areas in which very high proportions of the population live in poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A struggle over scarce resources that is not regulated by shared rules; it may include attempts to destroy, injure, or neutralize one's rivals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addresses the points of stress and conflict in society and the ways in which they contribute to social change. |
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Term
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Definition
| The philosophy thatsyas "buying is good" because "we are what we buy." |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction that occurs when people work together to achieve shared goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are rich, powerful nations that are economically diversified and relatively free from outside control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when there is an empirical relationship between two variables (for example, income increases when education increases). |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that have values, interests, beliefs, and lifestyles that are opposed to those of the larger culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeks to reverse or resist change advocated by another social movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption that some are better than others simply because they have a particular educational credential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is subject to legal or civil penalties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses a sample (or cross sectio) of the population at a single point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the number of live births per 1,000 persons in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 persons in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to having the attitudes and knowledge that characterize the upper social classes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by whcih aspects of one culture or subculture are incorporated into another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when one part of a culture changes more rapidly than another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires that each cultural trait be evaluated in the context of its own culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total way of life shared by members of a community. It includes not only language, values, and symbolic meanings but also technology and material objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of values that emphasizes living for the moment rather than thrift, investment in the future, or hard work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the discomfort that arises from exposure to a different culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of moving from theory to data by testing hypotheses drawn from theory. |
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Term
| Deinstitutionalization of marriage |
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Definition
| Refers to the gradual erosion of social norms that stress the need for marriage and dictate how spouses should behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political systems that provide regular, constitutional opportunities for a change in leadership according to the will of the majority. |
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Term
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Definition
| The shift from a society characterized by high birth rates and low life expectancies to one characterized by low birth rates and high life expectancies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of population-its size, growth, and composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| A church that accommodates both to the society at large and to the presence of other churches. |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect in cause-and-effect relationships. It is dependent on the actions of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| suggest that deviance results when social sanctions, formal and informal, provide insufficient rewards for conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the process of increasing the productivity and standard of living of a society-longer life expectancies, more adequate diets, better education, better housing, and more consumer goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norm violations that exceed the tolerance level of the community and result in negative sanctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophy views change as a product of contradictions and conflict between the parts of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| A difference in the incidence of a phenomenon across social groups. |
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Term
| Differential association theory |
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Definition
| Argues that people learn to be deviant when more of their associates favor deviance than favor conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A verbal device employed in advance to ward off doubts and negative reactions that might result from one's conduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their membership in categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having low status on two different dimensions of stratification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Version of symbolic interaction that views social situations as scenes manipulated by the actors to convey the desired impression to the audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consequences of social structures that have negative effects on the stability of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic relationships provide the foundation on which all other social and political arrangements are built. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of all social structures involved in the production and distribution of goods and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suburban areas that now have an existence largely separate from the cities thatspawned them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The institution responsible for the formal transmission of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by (1) the belief that American life and modern Christian churches are atomized, bureaucratic, and inauthentic and (2) an emphasis on informal rituals, a more open perspective toward scripture and behavior, and living a life of mission, faith, and community. |
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Term
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Definition
| The work of smiling, appearing happpy, or in other ways suggesting that one enjoys providing a service. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research based on systematice, unbiased examination of evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of choosing a mate from within one's own racial, ethnic, or religious group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The disproportionately large number of health and environmental risks faced by minorities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Category whose members are thought to share a common origin and important elements of a common culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to judge other cultures according to the norms and values of one's own culture. |
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Term
| Ex-felon disenfranchisement |
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Definition
| The loss of voting privileges suffered by those who have been convicted of a felony. In some states, ex-felon disenfranchisement applies only to those in prison; in other states, it is lifelong. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A voluntary interaction from which all parties expect some reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts in which one admits that the act in question is wrong or inappropriat but claims one couldn't help it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method in which the researcher manipulates independent variables to test theories of cause and effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group in an experiment that experiences the independent variable. Results for this group are comparedwith those for the control group. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family in which a couple and their children live with other kin, such as the wife's or husband's parents or siblings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of choosing a mate from outside one's own racial, ethnic, or religious group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of awareness of one's real position in the class structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of persons linked together by blood, adoption, marriage or quasi-marital mommitment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of births per every 1,000 women in a population during a given time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms that are the customary, normal, habitual ways a group does things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Administrative sanctions such as fines, expulsion, or imprisonment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An answer to the question, What is going on here? It is roughly identical to a definition of the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process used by a social movement to convince individuals that their personal interests, values, and beliefs are complementary to those of the movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consequences of social structures that have positive effects on the stability of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious movements that stress traditional interpretations of religion and the importance of living in ways that mesh with those traditional interpretations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Societies in which most people share close personal bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expected dispositions and behaviors that cultures assign to each sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rights and obligations that are normative for men and women in a particular culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The composite expectations of all the other role players with whom we interact; it is Mead's term for our awareness of social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass killings aimed at destroying a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Societies in which people are tied primarily by impersonal, practical bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which ideas, resources, practices, and people increasingly operate in a worldwide rather than local framework. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which cultural elements (including musical styles, fashion trends, and cultural values) spread around the globe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more people who interact on the basis of shared social structure and recognize mutual dependency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when pressures to agree are strong enough to stifle critical thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that individuals will be most likely to adopt healthy behaviors if (1) they believe their health is at risk, (2) they believe the risk is a serious one, (3) they believe that changing their behaviors would significantly reduce those risks, and (4) they face no significant barriers that would make changing their behaviors difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| Choosing a mate who is different from oneself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the underlying cultural messages taught by schools. Both public and private schools teach oung people to accept inequality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cultural preferences associated with the upper class. |
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Term
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Definition
| Choosing a mate who is similar to oneself. |
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Term
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Definition
| (also known as gays and lesbians) are people who prefer sexual and romantic relationships with members of their own sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by small-scale, simple farming, without plows or large beasts of burden. |
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Term
| Hunting-and-gathering societies |
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Definition
| Those in which most food must be obtained by killing wild animals or finding edible plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct. |
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Term
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Definition
| The natural, unsocialized, biological portion of self, including hunger and sexual urges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of beliefs that strengthen or support a social, political, economic, or cultural system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people to find new homes in a different country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of actions and statements made to control how others view us. |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency with which an attitude or behavior occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to money received in a given time period by an individual, household, or organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which incomes vary within a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cause in cause-and-effect relationships. |
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Term
| Indirect inheritance model |
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Definition
| Argues that children have occupations of a status similar to that of their parents because the family's status and income determine children's aspirations and opportunities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of moving from data to theory by devising theories that account for empirically observed patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by mass production of nonagricultural goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of babies who die during or shortly after childbirth per every 1,000 live births in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-restraint exercised because of fear of what others will think. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprises computers and telecommunication tools for storing, using, and sending information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the normal operation of apparently neutral processes systematically produces unequal results for majority and minority groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enduring social structure that meets basic human needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people to new homes within a country. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual sense that change is both needed and possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts that explain the good reasons the violator had for choosing to break the rule; often they are appeals to some alternate rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concerned with the processes by which labels such as deviant come to be attaached to specific people and specific behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to communicate in symbols-orally, by manual sign, or in writing. |
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Term
| Latent functions or dysfunctions |
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Definition
| Consequences of social structures that are neither intended nor recognized. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rules that are enforced and sanctioned by the authority of government. They may or may not be norms. |
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Term
| Least-developed countries |
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Definition
| Characterized by poverty and political weakness and rank low on most or all measures of development. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tose nations whose living standards are worse than those in the most-developed countries but better that in the least-developed nations. |
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Term
| Linguistic relativeity hypothesis |
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Definition
| Argues that the grammer, structure, and categories embodied in each language ffect how its speakers see reality. Also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any research in which data are collected over a long period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learnign to view ourselves as we think others view us. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on social structures and organizations and the relationships between them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group that is culturally, economically, and politically dominant. |
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Term
| Manifest functions or dysfunctions |
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Definition
| Consequences of social structures that are intended or recognized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that promote and benefit from deadly behaviors and social conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutionalized social structure that provides an enduring framework for regulating sexual behavior and childbearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| All forms of communication designed to reach broad audiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant-efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control-are coming to dominate more sectors of American society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem requiring a medical solution. |
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Term
| Metropolitan statistical area |
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Definition
| A country htat has a city of 50,000 or more in it plus any neighboring counties that are significantly linked, economically or socially, with the core country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on interactions among individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of peopl form one geographic area to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group that is culturally, economically, and politically subordinate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a social movement gains control of new resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in which societies go from simple to complex economies and institutional sturcures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term for marriages in which there is only one wife and one husband. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who attempt to create and enforce new definitions of morality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms associated with fairly strong ideas of right or wrond; they carry a moral connotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of deaths per every 1,000 people in a given population during a given time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those rich nations that have relatively high degrees of economic and political autonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief htat the different cultural strands within a culture should be valued and nourished. |
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Term
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Definition
| Live in househods earnign from just above the federal poverty level to twice the federal poverty level. |
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Term
| New religious movements (NRMs) |
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Definition
| Religious or spiritual movements begun in recent decades and not derived from a nation's mainstream religions. |
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Term
| Nonmetropolitan statistical area |
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Definition
| Country that has no major city in it and is not closely tied to such a city. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expectation that people will return favors and strive to maintain a balance of obligation in social relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accidents that can be expected to happen sooner or later, o matter how many safeguards are built into a system, simply becaue the system is so complex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shared rules of conduct that specify how people ought to think and act. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Family in which a couple and their children form an independent household living apart from other kin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Describes the exact procedure by which a variable is measured. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of deciding exactly how to measure a given variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of norms and values that structures how business is actually carried out in an organization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conducting research by participating, interviewing, and observing "in the field." |
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Term
|
Definition
| All individuals who share a similar age and social status. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Poor and weak, with highly specialized economies over which they have relatively little control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Peaceful coexistence of separate and equal cultures in the same society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The interaction of political and economic forms within a nation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social structure of power within a society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Resources that allow a social movement to grow; they include preexisting organizations that can provide the new movement with leaders, members, phone lines, copying machines, and other resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Suggests that social movements develop when political opportunities are available and whnen individuals have developed a snese that change is both needed and possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any form of marriage in which a person may have more than one spouse at a time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to aspects of culture that are widely accessible and commonly shared by most members of a society, especially those in the middle, working, and lower classes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focus on producing either information or services. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to direct others' behavior even against their wishes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comprises the people who occupy the top positions in three bureaucracies-the military, industry, and the executive branch of government-and who are thought to act together to run the U.S. in their own interests. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An irrational, negative attitude toward a category of people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of social honor or value afforded one individual or group relative to another. Also referred to as status. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Groups characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| That part of the economy concerned with extracting raw materials from the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Personality development and role learning that occurs during early childhood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process through which government services are "farmed out" to corporations, redesigned to follow corporate structures and goals, or redefined as individual responsibilities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Represents all that is routine and taken for granted in the everdy world, things that are known and familiar and that we can control, understand, and manipulate. |
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Term
| Professional socialization |
|
Definition
| Process of learnign the knowledge, skills, and cultural values of a profession. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occupations that demand specialized skills and creative feedom. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class that does not own the means of production. They must support themselves by selling their labor to those who own the means of production. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The belief that work, rationalism, and plain living are moral virtues, wheras idealness and indulgence are sinful. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Category of people treated as distinct because of physical characteristic to which social importance has been assigned. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belief that inherited physical characterisics associated with racial groups determine individuals' abilities and personalities and provide a legitimate basis for unequal treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Samples chosen through a random procedure, so that each individual in a given population has an equal chance of being selected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The right to make decisions based on rationally established rules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Groups that individuals compare themselves to regularly, either because they identify with the group or aspire to it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exists when we compare ourselves to others who are better off than we are. |
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|
Term
| Relative-deprivation theory |
|
Definition
| Argues that social movements arise when people experience an intolerable gap between their expectations and the rewards they actually receive. |
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Term
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Definition
| System of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that unites believers into a moral community. |
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Definition
| An individual's level of commitment to religious beliefs and to acting on those beliefs. |
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Definition
| Competition between religious organizations to provide better "consumer products," thereby creating greater "market demand" for their own religions. |
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Definition
| Repetition of empirical studies by another researcher or with different samples to see if the same results occur. |
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Definition
| Traditionally female tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and nurtuting that make it possible for a society to continue and for others to work and play. |
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Definition
| Process of learning a new self-concest and a radically different way of life (often against our will). |
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Term
| Resource mobilization theory |
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Definition
| Suggests that social movements emerge when individuals who experience deprivation can garner the resources they need to mobilize for action. |
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Definition
| Formal rituals that mark the end of one age status and the beginning of another. |
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Definition
| Set of norms specifying the rights and obligations asssociated with a status. |
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Definition
| When incompatible role demands develop because of multiple statuses. |
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Definition
| When incompatible role demands develop within a single status. |
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Definition
| Involves imagining ourselves in the role of others in order to determine the criteria they will use to judge our behavior. |
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Definition
| Consists of events and things that we hold in awe and reverence-what we can neither understand nor control. |
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Definition
| Process of systematically selecting representative cases from the larger population. |
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Definition
| Rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity. |
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Definition
| Argues that the grammar, structure, and categories embodied in each language affect how its speakers see reality. Also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis. |
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Definition
| Occurs when people or groups blame others for their failures. |
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Definition
| Range of options (vouchers, tax credits, magnet and charter schools, home schooling) that enable families to choose where their children go to school. |
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Definition
| Groups that are formal, large, and impersonal. |
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Definition
| That part of the economy concerned with the processing of raw materials. |
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Definition
| Religious organizations that arise in active rejection of changes they find repugnant in churches. |
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Definition
| Process of transferring things, ideas, or events from the sacred realm to the nonsacred, or secular, realm. |
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Definition
| Physical separation of minoriyt and majority group members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our sense of who we are as individuals. |
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Term
| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| Occur when something is defined as real and therefore becomes real in its consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological characteristic, male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that men and women have biologically different capacities and that these form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment. |
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Definition
| Consists of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. |
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Definition
| Cultural expectations regarding who, where, when, why, how, and with whom one should have sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of four social norms regarding sick people. They are assumed to have good reasons for not fulfilling their normal social roles and are not held responsible for their illnesses. They are also expected to consider sickness undesirable, to work to get well, and to follow doctor's orders. |
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Definition
| Role players with whom we have close personal relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Health care system in which doctors and hospitals are paid solely by the government |
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Definition
| Any significant modification or transformation of social structures and sociocultural processes over time. |
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Definition
| A category of people who share roughly the same class, status, and power and who have a sense of identification with each other. |
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Term
| Social construction of race and ethnicity |
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Definition
| The process through which a culture (based more on social ideas than on biological facts) defines what constitutes a race or an ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the forces and processes thatencourage conformity, including self-control, informal control, and formal control. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of people to color the truth so that they sound more desirable and socially acceptable than they really are. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the ways individuals interact with others in everyday, face-to-face situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of changing one's social class. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ongoing, goal-directed effort to fundamentally challenge social institutions, attitudes, or ways of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's total set of relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms of interaction through which people relate to one another; they are the dynamic aspects of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurrent pattern of relationships among groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic structure in which productive tools (land, labor and capital) are owned and managed by the workers and used for the collective good. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions. |
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Definition
| Popuation that shares the same territory and is bound together by economic and political ties. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the biological basis of all forms of human (and nonhuman) behavior. |
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Term
| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| A measure of social class that ranks individuals on income, education, occupation, or some combination of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to see the intimate realities of our own lives in the context of common social structures; it is the ability to see personal troubles as public issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic study of human society, social groups, and social interactions. |
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Term
| Sociology of everyday life |
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Definition
| Focuses on the social processes that sturcture our experience in ordinary, face-to-face situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when one variable seems to cause changes in a second variable, but a third variable is the real cause of the change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized political opposition by groups with a vested interest in a particular political outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social structure that successfully claims monopoly on the legitimate use of coercion and physical force within a territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| One that is strongly supported or even mandated by the government. |
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Definition
| An individual's position within a group relative to other group members; also social honor, expressed in lifestyle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of all statuses held by an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preconceived, simplistic idea about the members of a group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be reached by culturally approved means. |
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Term
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Definition
| An institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationships characterized by intimacy, emotional intensity, and sharing. |
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Term
| Structural-functional theory |
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Definition
| Addresses the question of social organization (structure) and how it is maintained (function). |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups that share in the overall culture of society but also maintain a distinctive set of values, norms, and lifestyles and even a distinctive language. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Communities that develop outside of citiesand that, historically, primarily provided housing rather than services or employment. |
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Definition
| Composed of internalized social ideas about right and wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method that involves asking a relatively large number of people the same set of standardized questions. |
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Term
| Symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
| Addresses the subjective meanings of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that once a technology becomes available, it becomes difficult to avoid using it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the human application of knowledge to the making of tools and to the use of natural resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deliberate and unlawful use of violence against civilians for political purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the economy concerned with the production of services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interrelated set of assumptions that explains observed patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilities in which all aspects of life are strictly controlled for the purpose of radical resocialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when evaluations made relatively early in a child's career determine the educational programs the child will be encouraged to follow. |
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Term
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Definition
| The right to make decisions for others that is based on the sanctity of time-honored routines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals whose sex or sexual identity is not definitively male or female. Some are hermaphrodites, some are transsexuals. |
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Term
| Transnational corporations |
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Definition
| Large corporations that produce and distribute goods internationally. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in a variable over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| People hold jobs more appropriat for someone with fewer skills or hold part-time jobs only because they can't find full-time jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic activity associated with workers who are trying to hide from state regulation such as prostitutes, unlicensed contractors, and work by undocumented laborers. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who lack a job, are available for work, and are actively seeking work. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of concentrating populations in cities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sociology that concerns itself with establishing what is, not what ought to be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared ideas about desirable goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measured characteristics that vary from one individual or group to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stakes in either maintaining or transforming the status quo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Such as drug use, prostitution, gambling, and pornography are voluntary exchanges between persons who desire illegal goods or services from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonprofit organizations designed to allow individuals an opportunity to pursue their shared intersts collectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| An armed conflict between a national army and some other group. |
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Definition
| Relationships characterized by low intensity and little intimacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum value of money and goods owned by an individual or household. |
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Definition
| Crimes committed by respectable people of high status in the course of their occupation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The benefits whites receive simply because they are white. |
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Term
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Definition
| A conflict perspective of the economic relationships between developed and developing countries, the core and peripheral societies. |
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