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| The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. |
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| An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. |
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| A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
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| The science of behavior and mental processes |
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| The long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
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| The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increase reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; Practiced by Physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess conclusions. |
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| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| A statement of the procedures (operation) used to define resarch variables for example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what intelligence test measures |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, too see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share out beliefs and behaviors |
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| All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusions |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| A statistical measure of the extend to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| A graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables the amount of scatter plot suggests the strength of the correlations. |
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| The perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviors or mental processes |
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| An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant "blind" about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment or placebo |
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| Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent |
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| The condition of any experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable |
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| The condition of any experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment. |
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| Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting difference between those assigned to the different groups |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| The experimental factor-in psychology, the behavior or mental processes-that is being measured the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the Independent Variable |
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| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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| The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
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| The middle score in a distribution half the scores are above it and half are below |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distributions |
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| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions, shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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