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Vocabulary
for Tests and Quizess
150
Economics
10th Grade
11/10/2010

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Term
Chapter 18-1
Economics
Definition
The study of how individuals and nations make choices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfill there needs and wants.
Term
Needs
Definition
Requirements for survival, such as food clothing and shelter.
Term
wants
Definition
things we would like to have, such as entertainment, vacations,and items that make life comfortable and enjoyable
Term
scarcity
Definition
not having enough resources to produce all of the things we would like to have.
Term
Economic model
Definition
simplified representation of the real world that economists develop to describe how the economy behaves and is expected to perform in the future.
Term
Chapter 18-2
Trade-off
Definition
the alternative you face if you decide to do one thing rather than another.
Term
opportunity cost
Definition
the cost of the next best use of time and money when choosing to do one thing or another.
Term
marginal cost
Definition
the additional extra opportunity cost associated with an action
Term
marginal benefit
Definition
the additional or extra benefit associated with an action
Term
cost-benefit analysis
Definition
economic model that compares the marginal cost and marginal benefit of a decision
Term
market economy
Definition
system in which individuals own the factors of production and make economic decisions through free interaction
Term
capitalism
Definition
A system in which private citizens own most,if not all, of the means of production and decide how to use them within legistlated limits.
Term
Free enterprise
Definition
economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference
Term
incentive
Definition
reward offered to try to persuade people to take certain economic actions
Term
Rational Choice
Definition
choosing the alternative that has the greatest value from among comparable-quality products
Term
Specialization
Definition
when people, businesses,regions,and/or nations concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better then anyone.
Term
division of labor
Definition
the breaking down of a job into separate, smaller tasks to be performed individually.
Term
economic interdependence
Definition
A reliance on others as they rely on you, to provide goods and services to be consumed.
Term
Chapter 18-3
Consumer sovereignty
Definition
the role of consumer as the ruler of the market, determining what products will be produced.
Term
Private Property Rights
Definition
the freedom to own and use our own property as we choose as long as we don't interfere with the rights of others.
Term
Competition
Definition
the struggle that goes on between buyers and sellers to get products at the lowest price.
Term
Profit
Definition
the money a business recieves for its products or services over above its costs
Term
profit motive
Definition
the driving force that encourages individuals and organizations to improve their materials well-being.
Term
Voluntary exchange
Definition
the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions.
Term
Chapter 19-1
Goods
Definition
Tangible products the we use to satisfy the wants and needs.
Term
services
Definition
work performed by a person for someone else.
Term
factors of production
Definition
sources necessary to produce goods and services.
Term
natural resources
Definition
gifts of nature that make production possible.
Term
Labor
Definition
human effort directed toward producing goods and services.
Term
Capital
Definition
Previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services.
Term
Capital
Definition
Previously manufactured goods used to make other goods and services.
Term
entrepreneur
Definition
individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, and improve management techniques.
Term
Gross Domestic product
Definition
total dollar value of final goods and services during a single year.
Term
Standard of living
Definition
the material well-being of an individual, group, or nation measured by how well their necessities and luxuries are satisfied
Term
chapter 19-2
Factor market
Definition
A market where productive resources are bought and sold
Term
Product Market
Definition
A market where producers offer goods and services for sale
Term
Productivity
Definition
the degree to which resources are being used efficiently to produce goods and services
Term
Chapter 20-1
demand
Definition
the desire,willingness, and ability, to buy a good or service
Term
demand schedule
Definition
table showing quanitities demanded at different possible prices.
Term
demand curve
Definition
downward-sloping line that graphically shows the quanitities demanded at each possible price.
Term
Law of demand
Definition
the concept that people are normally willing to buy less of a product if the price is high and more of it if the price is low.
Term
market demand
Definition
the total demand of all consumers for a product or service.
Term
utility
Definition
the amount of satisfaction one gets from a good or service.
Term
diminishing marginal utility
Definition
decreasing satisfaction or usefulness as additonal units ofd a product are acquired.
Term
subsitute
Definition
a competing product that consumers can use in place of another.
Term
complement
Definition
product often used with another product.
Term
Demand Elasticity
Definition
measure of responsiveness relating change in quanitity demanded to a change in price.
Term
Chapter 21
Supply
Definition
the amount of goods and services that producers are able an willing to sell at various prices during a specified time period.
Term
Law of Supply
Definition
suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices.
Term
Supply schedule
Definition
table showing quanitities supplied to a change in price.
Term
supply curve
Definition
upward-sloping line that graphically shows the quantities supplied at each price.
Term
Technology
Definition
refers to the methods or processes used to make goods or services
Term
subsidy
Definition
a government payment to an individual, business, or other group for certain actions.
Term
supply elasticity
Definition
is a measure of how quantity supplied of a good or service changes in response to change in price.
Term
surplus
Definition
the amount by which the quantity supplied is higher than the quantity demanded.
Term
shortage
Definition
the amount by which the quantity demanded is higher than the quantity supplied.
Term
equilibrium price
Definition
the price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy.
Term
Chapter 22
sole proprietorship
Definition
a business owned and operated by a single person.
Term
unlimited Liability
Definition
when a business owner is personally and fully responsible for all loses and debts of the business.
Term
financial capital
Definition
the money needed to run a business or enable it to grow larger.
Term
Articles of partnership
Definition
formal legal papers specifying the arrangement between partners.
Term
partnership
Definition
a business owned by two or more people
Term
corporation
Definition
A business recognized by law that has many of the rights and responsibilities of an individual.
Term
Charter
Definition
a government document granting permission to organize.
Term
stock
Definition
ownership shares of the corporation that will be issued.
Term
Stockholders
Definition
An individual who has invested in a corporation and owns some of its stocks.
Term
Board of directors
Definition
people elected by shareholders of a corporation to act on their behalf
Term
limited liability
Definition
when a business owner's responsebility for a companys debts is limited
Term
Double taxation
Definition
paying taxes twice on corporate profits
Term
cooperative
Definition
A voluntary association of people formed to carry on some kind of economic activity that serves to benefit it's members.
Term
labor unions
Definition
groups of workers who band together to have s better chance to obtain higher pay and better working conditions.
Term
Closed shop
Definition
company that reguires new employees to join a union after a specific period of time.
Term
Right-to-work laws
Definition
state laws forbidding unions for forcing workers to join.
Term
modified union shop
Definition
an arrangement in which workers have the option to join a union after hired.
Term
Equilibrium price
Definition
The price at which the amount producers are-willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy.
Term
what are the four roles of the government in the economy
Definition
Natural resources, labor, capital, enterpernures
Term
private goods
Definition
goods that when consumed by one individual can not be consumed by another
Term
public goods
Definition
Economic goods that are consumed collectively such as highways and national defense
Term
Antitrust laws
Definition
legislation to prevent new monopolies from forming and police those that already exist.
Term
Exter
Definition
Term
Externality
Definition
the unintended side effect of an action that effects someone not involved in the action.
Term
Real GDP
Definition
GDP after adjustment for inflation
Term
Business cycle
Definition
alternating periods of growth and decline that the economy goes through.
Term
Peak
Definition
period of prosperity in a business cycle in which the nations output does not grow for at least six mouth
Term
Recession
Definition
part of the business cycle in which the nations output does not grow for at least sic months
Term
civilian labor force
Definition
all civilians 16 years old or older who are either working or are looking for work.
Term
unemployment rate
Definition
the percentage of people in the civilian labor force who are not working but are looking for jobs.
Term
Fiscal policy
Definition
the Federal governments us and taxation of spending and taxation policies to affect overall business activity.
Term
Inflation
Definition
sustained increase in the general level of prices.
Term
consumer price index
Definition
measure of the change in price over time of a specific group of goods and services
Term
Food stamps
Definition
are government coupons that can be used to purchase food.
Term
women, infants and children program
Definition
A program that provides help for nutrition and health care to low-income women,infants and children up to age 5
Term
progressive
Definition
Term
progressive income tax
Definition
a tax that takes a larger percentage of higher incomes than lower incomes.
Term
Earned income tax credit
Definition
a program that gives tax credits and even cash payments to qualified workers
Term
chapter 24and25
coin
Definition
metallic form of money such as pennies, nickels and dimes.
Term
currency
Definition
both coins and paper money
Term
commercial bank
Definition
A financial institution that offers full banking services to individuals and businesses
Term
saving and loan associations
Definition
financial institutions that traditionally loaned money to people buying homes
Term
credit unions
Definition
nonprofit service cooperative that accepts deposits makes loans and provides other financial services.
Term
federal deposit insurance corporation
Definition
federal agency that insures individual accounts in financial institutions for up to $100,000.
Term
central bank
Definition
An institution that lends money to other banks, also the place where the government does it's banking business.
Term
Federal open market committee
Definition
The most powerful committee of the fed, because it makes the decisions that affect the economy as a whole by manipulating the money supply.
Term
discount rate
Definition
the interest rate the Fed charges on its loans.
Term
monetary policy
Definition
a policy that involves changing the rate of growth of the money supply in circulation in order to affect the cost and availability of credit.
Term
Reserve
Definition
a certain percentage of deposits that banks have to set aside as cash in their federal reserve district bank.
Term
Open market operations
Definition
purchase or sale of u.s government bands and treasury bills.
Term
checking account
Definition
an account in which deposited money can be with drawn at any time by writing a check.
Term
saving account
Definition
an account in which customers receive interest based on how much money they have deposited.
Term
certificate of deposit
Definition
timed deposit that states the account of the deposit maturity and rate of interest being paid.
Term
payroll tax
Definition
the second largest source of federal income.
Term
social security
Definition
A government program that provides money to people who are retired or disabled.
Term
medicare
Definition
pays some health care costs of elderly people.
Term
inter-government revenue
Definition
funds one level of government receives form another level of government.
Term
sales tax
Definition
tax leveled on a product at time of sale
Term
entitlement program
Definition
a program using eligibility requirements to provide health, nutrition, or income supplements to individuals.
Term
Tax return
Definition
annual report filed with local, state or federal government detailing income earned and taxes owed.
Term
budget
Definition
A plan making and spending money
Term
fiscal year
Definition
12 month planning period that may not coincide with the calender year.
Term
budget resolution
Definition
congressional document that shows total spending and revenues for a year and how much will be spent in various categories.
Term
budget resolution
Definition
congressional document that shows total spending and revenues for a year and how much will be spent in various categories.
Term
mandatory spending
Definition
federal spending required by law continues without the need for annual approvals by congress.
Term
Discretionary spending
Definition
spending for federal programs that must receive annual approval.
Term
Appropriations bills
Definition
legislation earmarking funds for certain purposes.
Term
chapter 26
export
Definition
to sell goods to other countries or a good produced in one country, then sold to another.
Term
import
Definition
a good purchased from one country by another.
Term
comparative Advantage
Definition
the ability of a country to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost.
Term
Tariff
Definition
a customs duty a tax on an imported goods.
Term
Quota
Definition
A limit on the amount of foreign goods .imported into a country.
Term
free trade
Definition
policy of reduced trade barriers.
Term
European union
Definition
organization of European nations whose goal is to encourage economic integration into a single market in Europe.
Term
North American free trade
Definition
Trade agreement designed to reduce tariff barrier between Mexico, Canada and the United states.
Term
Exchange rate
Definition
the price of one nations currency in terms of another nations currency.
Term
Balance of trade
Definition
the difference between the value of a nation's exports and it's imports
Term
Trade Deficit
Definition
situation in which the value of the products imports.
Term
Trade surplus
Definition
situation in which the value of the products exported by a country exceeds the value of its imports
Term
Market economy
Definition
system in which individuals own the factors of production and make economic decisions through free interaction.
Term
pre ca-pita GDP
Definition
Gross domestic product per person
Term
socialism
Definition
Economic system in which government owns some factors of production and distributes the products and wages
Term
communism
Definition
economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions
Term
mixed economy
Definition
system combining characteristics of more than one type of economy.
Term
developing country
Definition
a country whose average per ca pita income is only a fraction of that in more industrialized countries.
Term
Traditional economy
Definition
an economic system in which the decisions of what, how and for whom to produce are based on custom or habit.
Term
Global interdependence
Definition
means that people and nations all over the world now depends upon one another for manyh goods and services.
Term
protectionism
Definition
policy of trade restrictions to protect domestic industries.
Term
Developed nations
Definition
countries like chad,Albania.Paraguay,and Uganda they are very poor they don't have any natural resources to feed themselves
Term
International monetary Fund
Definition
The IMF offers advice and financial assistance on monetary and fiscal policy.
Term
world bank
Definition
The second international bank for Reconstruction and development. it gives loans
Term
Globalization
Definition
or individuals and nations working internationally across barriers of distance, culture and technology.
Term
Sanctions
Definition
Something that measures such as withholding economic aid used to influence a foreign governments actions.
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