Term
| A set of procedures and rules for reducing large masses of data into manageable proportions allowing us to draw conclusions from those data |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two categories of statistics? |
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Definition
| Descriptive & Inferential |
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Term
What type of statistics is this?
Procedures for organizing and summarizing data. Describe the important characterstics of a data set. |
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Definition
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Term
What type of statistics is the following?
Procedures used for making inferences about the characterstics of the population based on the characterstics of the sample |
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Definition
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Term
| When you are making predictions about data, what type of statistics is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Complete or entire set of events in which you are intersted. A collection of all individuals or members who have a particular characteristic |
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Definition
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Term
Is the following a population or sample?
PSY 1110 |
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Definition
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Term
| Numerical values summarizing population data |
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Definition
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Term
| A set of actual observations; a subset of the population, used to make inferences about the population |
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Definition
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Term
| Numerical values summarizing sample data |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of selecting a sample from a population. In most cases, need to obtain a sample representative of the entire group |
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Definition
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Term
| A sample representative of the entire group |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we say our sample has when the characterstics of the sample accurately reflect the characterstics of the population? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important aspect of creating a representative sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when every person/animal in the population has an equal chance (probability) of being chosen for the sample |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to the collection of numbers or other pieces of information to which meaning has been attached |
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Definition
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Term
| Is measurment data considered quantitative or qualitative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is categorical data considered quantitative or qualitative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Data obtained by measuring objects or events, defined on the basis of numerical measurement |
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Definition
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Term
| The weight of a person, speed of a car, test score are all considered what type of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| Means and percentages are considered what types of data? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Data representing count or numbers of observations in each category. Here we are counting things, and our data consists of totals or frequencies |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of men/women in class is considered what type of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| If 30% of the class got A's, would this be considered measurement or categorical? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you don't measure but instead you get a total count of the number of people in a category, it is considered what type of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| Relationships between variables can be both ____ & ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Is the following relationship positive or negative?
Coming to class often and the grades that you receive |
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Definition
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Term
Is the following relationship positive or negative?
Increased number of social hours and your grades |
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Definition
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Term
| How researchers assign numbers to label events or objects |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 4 measurement scales: what are they? |
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Definition
| Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio |
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Term
| Simply categorizes or classifies information. Numbers are usually used to distinguish among the objects. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gender, political affiliation, SSN, telephone #, football jersey #. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Numbers used only to place objects, people, or events in order. Ranks observations in terms of size or magnitude along a continuum. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ranks in the Navy, class rank, horse racing places, tallest to shortest people in class. *Important to note that we cannot assume that differences between values are equal. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scale on which equal intervals between objects represent equal differences and the differences are meaningful. Each unit is of equal importance. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the '0' point is arbitrary, we cannot speak of ratios. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fahrenheit temperature, SAT scores. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is an absolute 0 point which you cannot go below. No negative numbers. Ratios can be calculated. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kelvin scale of temperature. NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What scale has a true 0 starting point? NOIR? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some characterstic that has values for different persons or animals. ex: age, weight, height |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two categories that variables can be considered in terms of? |
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Definition
1. discrete v. continuous
2. independent v. dependent |
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Term
| When variables take on a small set of possible values. It consists of seperate indivisible categories. No values exist between two neighboring categories (in terms of numbers there cannot be halves) |
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Definition
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Term
What type of variable is this?
Gender, marital status, the numbers on dice
Discrete or continuous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term given to a special type of discrete variable in which only 2 categories exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Variables that can take on any value between the lowest and highest points on the scale. Infinite # of possible values fall between any two observed values. |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentages of the # of people who are in class over time, means or averages, amount of time it takes you to do something. Discrete or continuous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of variables are seen in psychological research? |
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Definition
| Independent and dependent |
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Term
| That variable which is controlled or manipulated by the researcher |
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Definition
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Term
| Variables such as age, major, sex, etc. are considered independent or dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
| The variables being measured. The response, the data measured in the experiment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The variable that the researchers observe to see if it changes as a result of changes in the other variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a researcher is measuring how many hours one studies a week or how many hours an individual spends in a social setting, it is considered independent or dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following example:
A scientist is measuring the mean cholesterol levels of adults in 4 socioeconomic categories. |
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Definition
Independent: 4 socioeconomic categories
Dependent: Mean cholesterol levels |
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Term
| If you are conducting a study of the reaction of a certain metal at 3 pressures with 5 temperatures each, how many groupings are involved? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
Appropriate wording should not indicate a desired answer.
ex. lawyers leading witnesses |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
Sometimes questions get worded in such a way that the meaning is misinterpreted by the respondents.
ex. Anybody in this class take drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
Most survey respondents have a desire to please the person who is asking the question |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
People do not like to admit that they don't know what you are talking about when you ask them a question.
Ex. As a professor a question and they attempt to answer even if they do not know. |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
If questions are to be understood, they must be kept simple.
Ex. "Shouldn't former drug dealers not be allowed to work in hospitals after they are released from prison?" |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
If one question requires respondents to think about something that they might not have otherwise considered, then the order in which questions are presented can change results.
Ex. Later test questions that could help answer previous questions |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the pitfall encoutered when asking questions for surveys:
People sometimes answer questions differently based on the degree to which they believe they are anonymous.
Ex. "Are you sure my responses will be kept confidential?" |
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Definition
| Confidentiality and Anonymity |
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Term
| List the 7 Critical Components of a Good News Report |
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Definition
1. Source of research and funding
2. Researchers that had contact with participants
3. Individuals or objects studied & how they were selected
4. Exact nature of the measurements made and questions asked
5. Setting in which measurements were obtained
6. Extraneous differences between groups being compared
7. The magnitude of claims being made/observed effects |
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
A question in which the respondent is given a list of alternatives from which to choose their answer |
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Definition
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
What is most important for academic success at Ohio U?
a.) study skills of student
b.) going to class
c.) competence of the instructors/faculty
d.) money |
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Definition
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
Forces an answer and the logical/correct response may not even be one of the choices.
Magnitude not measured or often misleading |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of scale can help close ended questions be more accurate in interpreting their magnitude? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
A question (or statement) in which a respondent is allowed to answer in their own words |
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Definition
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
What are the most important attributes for successful students? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of question is the following? Open or Closed?
Answers/results could be difficult to summarize |
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Definition
Open
ex. Dr. McCarthy had 210 responses to two open ended questions for his dissertation |
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Term
| When we say a measure is _____, it is one that actually measures what it claims to measure. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ measurement is one that willl give you or anyone else approximately the same result time after time, when take on the same object or individual |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ measurement is one that is systematically off the mark in the same or in one direction; consistently off the mark |
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Definition
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Term
| When there are unpredictable errors or discrepancies that are not easily explained in measurements, we say that the measurements have _____? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ______ is inherent in nature. We are bound to have different measurements because everyone is different. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the following an example of?
You cannot measure anxiety or happiness using an IQ test. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the following an example of?
Physical Measurements as long as you have the correct tools to measure: height, weight, IQ, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the following an example of?
A weight scale that is set too low at the factory and continuously scores you a few pounds under your actual weight |
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Definition
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Term
What is the following an example of?
Height, blood pressure - measure one time and then immediately following and might have some slight differences in your measurments: 120/70, 118/80 |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 5 common research strategies: |
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Definition
1. Sample surveys
2. Experiments
3. Observational Studies
4. Meta-analysis
5. Case studies |
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Term
Identify the common research strategy:
Subset of the larger population is questioned on a set of topics. Results are used to make generalizations of the larger population |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the common research strategy:
Measure the effect of manipulating the environment in some way - then measure the result of the feature being manipulated on an outcome
Ex. agree to recieving a drug, sticking to a special diet |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the common research strategy:
Manipulation occurs naturally rather than being imposed by the experimenter
ex. children being placed in a room to play with toys |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the common research strategy:
Quantitative review of a collection of studies all done on a similar topic; helps to try and find patterns or effects that are not conclusively available from individual studies |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the common research strategy:
In-depth examination of one or a small number of individuals; researcher observes and interviews that individual and any others who know about the topic of research |
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Definition
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Term
| How is margin of error measured? |
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Definition
1/(the square root of n)
n=the number of people in the sample |
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Term
| A single individual or object being measured |
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Definition
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Term
| A list of units from which the sample is chosen; ideally it include the whole population |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurements taken on a subset or sample of units from the population |
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Definition
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Term
| A survey in which the entire population is measured |
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Definition
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Term
| The measure of accuracy of a sample survey |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 methods of sampling?? |
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Definition
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Stratfied Random Sampling
3. Cluster Sampling
4. Systematic Sampling
5. Random Digit Dialing
6. Multistage Sampling |
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Everyone of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the sample |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Divide the population of units into groups (strata) and then take a random sample from each |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Divide population into groups and select a random sample of groups and measure each member of the selected group.
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Divide list into as many consecutive segments as you need. Randomly choose a starting point (ex. every 5 people) |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Make a list of all possible telephone 'exchanges'
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of sampling:
Making use of a combination of sampling plans |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the benchmark for response rate to publish? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 difficulties involved in sampling? |
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Definition
1. Wrong sampling frame
ex. telephone directory for survey excludes people
2. Not reaching individuals selected
ex.calling a house for a poll and reaching a different individual than intended
3. Getting no response or getting a volunteer response
ex. excessive prodding could produce an undesired response |
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Term
| What are the 2 disasters involved in sampling? |
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Definition
1. Getting a volunteer sample
ex. highly opinionated people tend to answer internet polls; not representative of actual larger group
2. Using a convenient or haphazard sample
ex. SSN example given in class |
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Term
| Practice website for Independent vs. Dependent |
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Definition
http://www.ixl.com/math/algebra-1/identify-independent-and-dependent-variables
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