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| A political system where the powers of government are divided between a national government and regional (state and local)governments |
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| Expressed, or enumerated powers, those specifically given to the national government (Articles I-V) |
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| Although not expressed, powers that may be reasonably inferred from the Constitution because of the Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| Congress has the ability to make laws that are necessary and proper for the good of the nation |
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| Another term for Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| Powers that exist for the national govenrment because the government is sovereign |
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| Powers that belong to both the national and state governments |
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| Powers belonging specifically to the states because they were neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states (Article IV; Amendment 10) |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| States are required to recognize the laws and legal documents of other states, such as birth certificates, marriage licenses, drivers' licenses, wills |
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| Privileges and Immunities Clause |
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| States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states |
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| States may return fugitives to a state from which they have fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the governor of the state |
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| States may make agreements, sometimes requiring congressional approval, to work together to solve regional problems |
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| Resolves conflicts between national and state laws by declaring national laws to be supreme |
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| This ruling established the implied powers of the national government and national supremacy |
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| Views the national and state governments each remaining supreme within their own sphere of influence "layer cake" federalism |
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| The national and state governments sharing policymaking and cooperating in solving problems "marble cake" federalism |
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| A transfer of power to political subunits (ex. states, counties, cities) |
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| The national government's patterns of spending, taxation, and providing grants to influence state and local governments |
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| The taxing and spending policies of government |
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| Money and resources provided by the federal government to the state and local governments to be used for specific projects or programs |
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| Grants that have a specific purpose defined by law, such as sewage treatment facilities or school lunch programs |
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| General grants that can be used for a variety of purposes within a broad category such as education, health care, or public services |
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| A "no strings attached" form of aid to state and local governments for virtually any project; eliminated during the Reagan administration |
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| Requirements that are imposed by the national government on the state and local governments; for example the American with Disabilities Act mandates that all public buildings be accessible to persons with disabilities |
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| Mandates which require state or local governments to meet the requirement at their own expense |
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| Voluntary associations of people who seek to control the government through common principles based upon peaceful and legal actions, such as the winning of elections |
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| Only two major political parties compete for power and dominate elections |
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| Districts in which only one person is elected to represent that district |
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| When Franklin Roosevelt was able to unite blacks, city dwellers, blue-collar (labor union) workers, Catholics, Jews, and women to create a voting bloc that would vote consistently for the Democratic party for decades afterwards |
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| Condition in which one political party controls the presidency and the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress |
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| When opposing parties and interests often block each other's proposals, creating a political stalemate |
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| When significant voters no longer support a particular political party |
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| When voting patterns have shifted and new coalitions of party supporters have formed |
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| Person who is responsible for directing the work of the national committee from their headquarters in Washington D.C. |
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| Money that is distributed from the national political party organization and that does not have to be reported under the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 |
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| Voting for only candidates of one political party |
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| Are concerned with influencing the policies of government, usually focusing on issues that directly affect their membership |
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| Political Action Committees (PACs) |
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| The financial arm of interest groups that allow them to contribute money to campaigns |
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| Attempting to influence policymakers, often by supplying data to government officials and their staffs to convince these policymakers that their case is more deserving than another's |
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| Writing letters, e-mails, faxes, and making telephone calls to influence policymakers |
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| All forms of communication that transmit information to the general public |
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| Media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide which events to present and how to present them |
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| Using news events to be staged in order to convey a wanted message to the media |
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