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| concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of more or less complex kind. |
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| Deontology. Actions should be based in which intentions are expressed. |
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| what benefits will such an education bring you? Will it help you in making a living or attaining to a position of influence. Means to an end. |
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| agency is the capacity of an agent (a person or other entity, human or any living being in general, or soul-consciousness in religion)concern with trying to understand human agency unifies the study of a number of various problems and clusters of problems as diverse as the nature of intention and intentional action, free will, mental agency, akrasia and enkrasia, motivation and reasons, moral responsibility, and autonomy to name just a few. |
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| unselfish regard for devotion to welfare of others |
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| Application of a principle |
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| guiding sense of the requirements and obligations of right conduct: a person of principle. |
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| the aggregate of qualities, as valor making up good character. Virtue and excellence. |
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| ethical reasoning of theories |
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| ethical disscussion about the moral point of view. |
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| Not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent, self-directed. self-governed.autonomous individual acts freely in accordance with a self-chosen plan, analogous to the way an independent government manages its territories and sets its policies. |
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| self-rule, self-determinationPersonal autonomy is, at minimum, self-rule that is free from both controlling interference by others and from limitations, such as inadequate understanding, that prevent meaningful choice. |
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| Duties to promote happiness and do good acts. refers to an action done to benefit others, |
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| refers to the morally valuable character trait—or virtue—of being disposed to act for the benefit of others. |
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| utilitarian ethics. strictly impatial and disinterested.. |
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| means of coumputing something |
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| a form of qualitative descriptive research that is used to look at individuals, a small group of participants, or a group as a whole. |
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| every action implies a general maxim. perfect duties and imperfect duties. No double standards, impartial. |
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| practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner ( whether through action or inaction) by use of threats or intimidation. |
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| virtue of empathy for the suffering of others. It is regarded as a fundamental part of human love. |
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| meta-cognition GSR. little voices. intuitive. |
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| provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration. |
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| the ethical theory that gives relevance to what happens at the ends of an action. End result is what matters. Means to the end. |
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| In situation. relative to them. Charcter building.the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc |
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| Logic a statement that is false under all circumstances; necessary falsehood. |
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| an example or fact that is inconsistent with a hypothesis and may be used in argument against it. |
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| an action is right if one's culture approves it. |
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Behavior that conforms to accepted standards of morality or respectability: "she had the decency to come and confess".
Modesty and propriety: "too low-cut for decency". |
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| study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to.Normative (prescriptive) ethics: How should people act? |
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| Ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. |
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| Scientific study of moral beliefs and practices. |
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| any duty is ultimately to a person; indirectly a duty may be to a non-person. indirect duty view is right in that it shows us that it’s in our interests to care about non-humans. |
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| An unfavorable condition or circumstance. |
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| is the prejudicial or distinguishing treatment of an individual based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain group or category. |
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| dissimilarity, discrepancy |
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| egalitarian.The economic framework that each society has — its laws, institutions, policies, etc. — results in different distributions of economic benefits and burdens across members of the society. These economic frameworks are the result of human political processes and they constantly change both across societies and within societies over time. The structure of these frameworks is important because the economic distributions resulting from them fundamentally affect people's lives. |
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| is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behaviour. |
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| are the notions of merit and desert. We think that people should receive what they deserve. |
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| meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. |
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| actions that are morally manditory. |
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| Duties based on past obligations |
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| The social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that forceWork that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons. |
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| can be a descriptive or a normative position. |
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Web definitions
is physical desire for something or someone, and the inability to release or do without that thing or person.. |
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| Of or relating to emotion: an emotional illness; emotional crises. 2. Readily affected with or stirred by emotion: |
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| the capacity to recognize feelings that are being experienced by another sentient or fictional beingUnderstanding what someone else is feeling because you have experienced it yourself or can put yourself in their shoes. |
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| Justifies the mean. Consequentialist views at the end. (results). |
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| In regards of the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. |
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| Equalizin people needs. Treating properly for people needs. Contrasts equality. |
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| something is ethical based on self-interest. Enlighted. |
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| Definitions of means for determining what a society's values ought to be. |
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| Flourishing. Happiness. Full realization of the good life. cultivation of virtues is the only way.. Motives, feelings, intentions, and moral wisdom. |
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| duties arising from past commitments and promises. |
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Eudamonia.of a person, animal, or other living organism) Grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, esp. as the result of a particularly...
Develop rapidly and successfully. |
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| the quality or state of being free: as
a : the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action
b : liberation from slavery or restraint or from the power of another : independence
c : the quality or state of being exempt or released usually from something onerous
d : ease, facility
e : the quality of being frank, open, or outspoken
f : improper familiarity
g : boldness of conception or execution
h : unrestricted use
2
a : a political right |
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| maxim. golden rule of reciprocity. |
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| mere desire of intrinsic acting up on our will( goals, motivations, for what it is rather than for the end result. |
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| duties based on past favors and unearned services. |
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| mental or emotional state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. flourishing, eudamonia. |
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| Happiness as the foundation of morality |
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| utilitarianism. in contrast with belief of god. Mill's basic principle of ethics. Desired as an end in itself. |
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| doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. With the famous words "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied", |
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| Pleasure is the goal that nature has or drained for us. |
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| the opposite of autonomy. |
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| set us apart from other animals and set us on the top creation chain, we’re the most evolved animals on Planet Earth. Reason, memory, perception, will, intuition, and imagination. |
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| To be in neither side. Take both parts as equal. |
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| An imperfect duty, such as the duty to support the poor, allows exceptions and various ways in which it may be satisfied. It allows contingently good action under a necessarily good maxim . The distinction can be traced to scholasticism , in which perfect duties could be enforced by external legislation, while imperfect duties could not. “Imperfect duties are, accordingly, only duties of virtue. Fulfilment of them is merit … but failure to fulfil them is not in itself culpability … but rather mere deficiency in moral worth, unless the subject should make it his principle not to comply with such duties.” Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals |
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Not staying the same throughout; having self-contradictory elements.
Acting at variance with one's own principles or former conduct: "parents can be inconsistent". |
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direct is contact and indirect is wrong acts.
because is the wrong thing to do. Indirect duty views, then, including the best among them, fail to command our rational assent. Whatever ethical theory we should accept rationally, therefore, it must at least recognize that we have some duties directly to animals, just as we have some duties directly to each other. |
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| power of minds to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs |
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| relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed; "dependent children"; "dependent on moisture" |
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A state of curiosity or concern about or attention to something: an interest in sports.
b. Something, such as a quality, subject, or activity, that evokes this mental state: counts the theater among his interests. |
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| Worthy and value for itself, in itself. |
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| the duty to give each person equal consideration |
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ignorance.The “ethics of belief” refers to a cluster of questions at the intersection of epistemology, philosophy of mind, psychology, and ethics.
The central question in the debate is whether there are norms of some sort governing our habits of belief-formation, belief-maintenance, and belief-relinquishment. Is it ever or always morally wrong (or epistemically irrational, or imprudent) to hold a belief on insufficient evidence? Is it ever or always morally right (or epistemically rational, or prudent) to believe on the basis of sufficient evidence, or to withhold belief in the perceived absence of it? Is it ever or always obligatory to seek out all available epistemic evidence for a belief? Are there some ways of obtaining evidence that are themselves immoral or imprudent? |
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human right - (law) any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law)
right to be free. |
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| Rule, golden ruleis a ground rule or subjective principle of action; in that sense, a maxim is a thought that can motivate individuals. |
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| Tools.To be used to convey |
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| series of steps, or collection of methods, taken to acquire knowledge |
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| Minimum conseption of morality |
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core starting point for almost every moral theory)
Morality is conduct guided by impartial reason |
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| moral community is a group of people drawn together by a common interest in living according to a particular moral philosophy, or particular ethical practises. |
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| The key to recognizing an ethical issue is to be able to conceptualize the moral problem correctly in the first place and this is what our Moral Reasoning Strategy attempts to help you do; it is a template which organizes considerations to generate a decision. |
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| evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction, intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) Good or Bad as measured against some standard of Good. |
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| belief that the act is one prescribed by their set of values. |
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| may be any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures. |
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| names a diverse collection of views that deny or raise doubts about various roles of reason in morality. |
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| Moral values are the standards of good and evil, which govern an individual’s behavior and choices. Individual’s morals may derive from society and government, religion, or self. When moral values derive from society and government they, of necessity, may change as the laws and morals of the society change. |
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| rationally ordered and teleological (goal oriented). Duty is to achieve the good. Moral deliberation. intention. Remedy for inconsistency is the Doctrine of Double effect. |
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| Duties to do not harm and prevent harm. |
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| Study of principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions or judgments. |
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| limited power. restriction. |
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| Duties. necessitate: require as useful, just, or proper. |
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| Key accountabilities describe what the person in that position is responsible for regularly producing or providing.Expected outcomes (or deliverables). |
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| Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm. |
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| person affected by the decision |
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| virtue of practical thought. |
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| at first glance. strong first duties.An example of a prima facie duty is the duty to keep promises. "Unless stronger moral considerations override, one ought to keep a promise made." Fidelity, reparation, gratitude, non-injury, harm prevention, beneficence, self-improvement, justice, respect for freedom,care, non-parasitism. Moral guidelines.might be overriden by actual rules. |
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| states that actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain. Hence, utility is a teleological principle. This once again raises some of the same basic issues of associated with hedonism, as discussed in the earlier section on Teleological Theories. |
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| s a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable. |
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| Privilege definition, a right, immunity, or benefit enjoyed only by a person beyond the advantages of most: the privileges of the very rich. |
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| An eye for an eye is one of the strongest human instincts, but reciprocating harm is not always the best course of action. |
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| punishment. Inflicting or intended as punishment. |
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When are you going to stop bitting your wife?
When are you going to stop being late?
When are you going to stop being so lazy? |
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| selfishness, or egotism. to reason in a way that is best for self-interest. |
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| rationality is the characteristic of any action, belief, or desire, that makes their choice a necessity.[1] It is a normative concept of reasoning in the sense that rational people should derive conclusions in a consistent way given the information at disposal. It refers to the conformity of one's beliefs with one's reasons to believe, or with one's actions with one's reasons for action. |
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| Rationality vs. Rationalization |
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Definition
Rationality uses as tools, calculation (induction) and logic (deduction) based on facts and/or human experience, and is based on the principle that science (or human reasoning) cannot define the Real (reality as a whole) but only can define concepts. For rationality, there’s a part of reality which is not possible to rationalize.
rationalization is based on the principle that the Real (reality) is forcibly and totally subject to a definition by the human Reason. It consists in a construction of a logical coherence based upon incomplete or erroneous data, or based upon a reductive discursive principleRationality is scientific, rationalization is mythical. |
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| Reason as the Foundation of Morality |
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| morality is determined by sentiment. It defines virtue to be whatever mental action or quality gives to a spectator the pleasing sentiment of approbation; and vice the contrary.intuitive ethics.” Each culture then constructs virtues, narratives, and institutions on top of these foundations, thereby creating the unique moralities we see around the world, |
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| Giving reasons should enable the people affected by the decision to understand why a particular decision was made. |
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| Prima facie dutie. duties that stem from past harms we cause others. |
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| A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit |
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Respect for people as ends in themselves and not as means only.
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| Treat and recognize other's human dignity with respect. |
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| taking care of your duties |
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| Rational agent recieves new information that her change her beliefs. |
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| Legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement. Entitlement to do something without interference from other people. Intl. traties. |
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| Agents own characterconcerned solely or chiefly with one's own interests, welfare, etc.; engrossed in self; selfish; egotistical. 2. independent, self-sufficient. 3. centered in oneself |
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| the dutie to improve our knowledge and virtue. |
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| individualism. focus on the needs or desires (interests) of oneself |
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| devoted to or caring only for oneself; concerned primarily with one's own interests , benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others. |
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| altruistic. benevolent, humanitarian. unselffish. |
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| Awarness and conscious being. does not imply reasoning. |
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fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed. This "argument" has the following form:
Event X has occurred (or will or might occur).
Therefore event Y will inevitably happen.
This sort of "reasoning" is fallacious because there is no reason to believe that one event must inevitably follow from another without an argument for such a claim. This is especially clear in cases in which there is a significant number of steps or gradations between one event and another. |
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| or pain in a broad sense, is an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. |
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| Charity, more than what is required. |
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| harmony of or agreement in feeling, as between persons or on the part of one person with respect to another. |
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| system of ethics applied to every sentient being. |
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| Purspose of ethical bahavior is to increase happiness and to diminish suffering. |
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| individual moral standard. Morally responsible for actions.s concerned with the greatest good for the greatest number. Just because it's legal, one person shouldn't buy a corporation's pension fund, sell it a huge profit to a fly-by-night investment house, and use the money to buy a yacht and mansion-while thousands of elderly pensioners, on reduced incomes, see the fund go bankrupt later. |
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| Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable |
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| Excess or deficit of the extremes. |
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| Golden mean, chrachter trait good for itself. agent-based. |
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| Agent-based theory base don the the golden mean of arete. |
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| proceeding from the will or from one's own choice or consent. done by intention |
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| refers to the inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. |
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| is an activity aimed at ensuring that people are aware of and receiving their maximum entitlement to state welfare benefits. |
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rational being with a Good Will, being moral and being rational (logical) – and being fully human – are the same thing.
Intention to be good initself. |
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Intentional; deliberate.
Having or showing a stubborn and determined intention to do as one wants, regardless of the consequences or effects. |
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