Term
|
Definition
| basic units of all living things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all living things are composed of cells*cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things*new cells are produced from existing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that contain nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that do not contain nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the colded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds the nucleus and is composed of two membranes. It is dotted with thousand of pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the grandular material you can see in the nucleus it consists of DNA bound to protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a cell divides chromatin condeses to form chromosomes. These distinct threadlike structures contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small dense region inside the nuclei. It is where the assembly of ribosomes begin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small partices of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm. They produce proteins by following colded instructions that come from the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site where kipid components of the cell membrante are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the function is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulu for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. They are where the finishing touches are put on proteins before the are ready to the factory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are small organelles filled with enzymes. One function of lysosomes is the digisestion or breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecues that can be used for the rest of the cell. **they perform the vital function of removing junk that might otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store materials suh as water, salts, proteins, and carbhydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of a controleed internal environment. For example, the control of water content within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. They are enclosed by two membranes - an outer membrane and an inner membrant. The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are surrounded by two membranes. Inside the organelle are large stacke of other membranes, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It is also involved in movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are found in animal cells they are located near the nucleus and help to organize the cell division. They are not found in plant cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all cells are surrouded by a thin, flexible barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many cells also produce a stron supporting layer around the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates what enters an leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double layered sheet that gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is to provide support and protection of the cell. They are present in many organisms, including plants, algaie, fungi and many prokaryotes. Cell walls lie outside the cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution or mass/volume. For example, if you disolved 12 grams of salt in 3 litters of water, the concentration of the solution would be 12g/3L, or 4g/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a solution, particles move constantly and collide with one another and tend to spread out randomly; as a result the particles tend to move from an area wehre are are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system it is in a state of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membrantes without requiring the cell to use energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more concentrated sugar solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane protein is said to facilitate, or help, the diffusion of glucose across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells must sometimes move materials in the opposite direction - against a concentration difference. It requires energy. The active transport of small molecues or ions across a cell membrane is generally carried out by taransport proteins or pumps that are found in the membrane itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell eating *it is a form of active transport because it takes energy such as an amoebas way of acquirig food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many cells take up liquid from the surrounding environment. tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many cells also release large amounts of material from the cell. During execytosis the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell. * the removal of water by means of a contractile vacuole is one example of active transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a group of similar cells that perform a particulare function *most animals hae four main tissue: muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many groups of tissues work together as an organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms such as plants make their own food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtain energy from the foods they consume. To live, all organisms, including plants, must release the energy in sugars and other compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP consists of adenine, a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups. Those 3 phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy. ***The caracteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates - sugars and starches - and oxygen, a waste product. |
|
|
Term
| Scientists van Helmont Preiestley and Ingenhousz |
|
Definition
| in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, and they also release oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen
6C0(2) + 6H(2)O light C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6 O(2) |
|
|
Term
| How plants capature the energy of sunlight |
|
Definition
| in addition to water and carbon dioxide, photsynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light absorbing molecules * principle pigment is chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbs light mostly i blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbs light in the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorphyll and other pigments into clusters. They are light-collecting units of the chloroplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, the region outside they thylakoid membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nicotinamide adenine dinumcleotide phosphate it accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with a jydrogen ion (H+) This converts NADP+ into NADPH is one way in which someof the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form |
|
|
Term
| light dependent reactions |
|
Definition
| the light dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the amount of energy needed to raise the timperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in wich a molecue of glucose is broken into two molecues of pyruvic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecues in the presence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process in which one molecue of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecues of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases energy from food molecues by producing atp in the absence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon doxide in a series of energy extracting reactions * also known as the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP |
|
|
