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| Independent political units that claim exclusive jurisdiction over defined territories and over all of the people and activities within them |
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| Herbert Spencer extended Darwin's theory of evolution to insist that "Nature's law" called for "survival of the fittest" even among individuals, cultures, and whole peoples |
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| A willingness to join together and form a government to solve common problems |
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| A state ruling over a territory containing all the people of a nation |
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| The set of unwritten ways in which written rules are interpreted and actually enforced |
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| National Self-Determination |
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| The ideal of a nation-state advanced by Woodrow Wilson after World War I |
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| Territories claimed on a neighbor |
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| Borders that ignored any existing political organization among the native peoples |
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| Native rulers used as intermediaries between themselves and the people |
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| A nation had to have some minimal population and territory to merit self-determination |
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| When the entire population of a state is not bound by a shared sense of nationalism but rather is split among several local primary allegiances |
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| Forces that tend to pull states apart |
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| States containing several nations |
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| Forces that bind a state together |
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| Failed State or Collapsed State |
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| Countries that have proven incapable of providing their citizens with either economic development or even peace and security |
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| Enculturation or Socialization |
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| instilling the society's values and traditions along with political and social culture |
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| A country's own set of national symbols |
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| Government by an elite privileged clique |
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| Countries in which the balance of power lies at the center |
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| Countries in which the balance of power lies in the subunits |
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| Sub-field of political geography that studies voting districts and voting patterns |
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| District lines drawn in ways that include or exclude specific groups of voters so that one group gains an unfair advantage |
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| A society in which the most capable people can rise to the top on merit alone |
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| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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| The total value of all goods and services produced within a country |
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| Gross National Income (GNI) |
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| The GDP plus any income that residents receive from foreign investments, minus any money paid out of the country to foreign investors |
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| Human Development Index (HDI) |
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| A statistical attempt to compare the quality of life among countries |
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| Shift in distribution of jobs among primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors |
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| Jobs lost in agriculture are replaced by new opportunities in industry |
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| 50% of workers are in the tertiary sector, producing services instead of goods |
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| A process of progressively increasing the value of goods and services that a place is able to produce in order to enjoy or to export |
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| Material-Oriented Manufacturing |
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| Located close to the source of the raw material |
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| Market-Oriented Manufacturing |
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| Located close to the market |
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| The delegation of any of a firm's operations to an external subcontractor who specializes in that activity |
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| Outsourcing to a foreign country |
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| The study of the principles a country uses to organize its economic life |
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| Owned by the government in the name of the people |
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| The state defers to private enterprise and a stock market raises and allocates investment capital |
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| A system that minimizes the government's role |
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| Underdeveloped regions that may offer potential for settlement |
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| A financial return sacrificed by leaving capital invested in one form or activity rather than another |
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| Newly developed industries |
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| An industry builds a national market for its product and produce larger quantities of it, thus reducing the cost per unit |
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| Import-Substitution Method of Economic Growth |
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| Policy of protecting domestic infant industries |
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| Countries welcome foreign investment to build factories that will manufacture goods for international markets |
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| Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
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| Investments in enterprises that are actually operated by a foreign owner |
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| Multinational or Transnational Corporations |
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| Enormous enterprises that own and coordinate production and marketing facilities in several countries |
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| Travel to see distinctive examples of scenery, unusual natural environments, or wildlife |
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| International Organization |
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| Organizations that coordinate activities among two or more countries |
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| Supranational Organization |
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| Organizations that exercise power over countries |
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| A group of countries that present a common policy when dealing with other countries |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| Established in 1949, united Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal with Canada and the United States |
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| A program for the economic rehabilitation of Western Europe |
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| Established in 1993 when 12 countries changed the name of the European Community (EC) |
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| No internal tariffs, but its members are free to set their own tariffs on trade with the rest of the world |
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| Enforces a common external tariff |
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| A customs union in addition to common laws that create similar conditions of production within all members |
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| Mexican factories concentrates along the U.S.-Mexican border |
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| Local Content Requirement |
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| Negotiators of trade pacts must agree what percentage of the total value of a good entering one country must have been added in the second country for that production to qualify as a product of the second country |
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| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
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| Organized international interest groups that cross state boundaries and carry out direct actions to further their goals as well as put pressure on the existing governments of states |
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| An area of relatively shallow water that surrounds most continents before the continental slope drops more sharply to the deep-sea floor |
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| Ships can move through the waters of one state on the way to another |
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