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| 9th-century b.c., Greek epic poet: reputed author of the Iliad and Odyssey. |
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| an ancient Greek city-state |
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| government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or privileged upper class |
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| sovereign or other ruler who uses power oppressively or unjustly |
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| an ancient city in S Greece: the capital of Laconia and the chief city of the Peloponnesus, at one time the dominant city of Greece: famous for strict discipline and training of soldiers |
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| a pass in E Greece, between the cliffs of Mt. Oeta and the Gulf of Lamia: Persian defeat of the Spartans 480 b.c |
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| active c515–c495 b.c., Athenian statesman |
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| a form of democracy in which the people as a whole make direct decisions, rather than have those decisions made for them by elected representatives |
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| 469?–399 b.c., Athenian philosopher |
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| (“Philip of Macedon”) 382–336 b.c., king of Macedonia 359–336 (father of Alexander the Great) |
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| 356–323 b.c., king of Macedonia 336–323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India |
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| 287?–212 b.c., Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor: discovered the principles of specific gravity and of the lever |
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| a ten-year war waged by the confederated Greeks under Agamemnon against the Trojans to avenge the abduction of Helen, wife of Menelaus, by Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam, and ending in the plundering and burning of Troy |
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| An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero |
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| the citadel or high fortified area of an ancient Greek city |
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| a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few |
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| a member of the lowest class in ancient Laconia, constituting a body of serfs who were bound to the land and were owned by the state |
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| 558?–486? b.c., king of Persia 521–486 |
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| c638–c558 b.c., Athenian statesman |
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| an island off the SE coast of Greece, W of Athens, in the Gulf of Aegina: Greeks defeated Persians in a naval battle 480 b.c. 20,000; 39 sq. mi. (101 sq. km) |
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| a war between Athens and Sparta, 431–404 b.c., that resulted in the transfer of hegemony in Greece from Athens to Sparta |
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| Greek, Athenai. a city in and the capital of Greece, in the SE part. 885,136 |
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| a vast plateau between the Black and the Mediterranean seas: in ancient usage, synonymous with the peninsula of Asia Minor; in modern usage, applied to Turkey in Asia |
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| 384–322 b.c., Greek philosopher: pupil of Plato; tutor of Alexander the Great |
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