Term
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Definition
| Structures that contain DNA and become darkly colored when stained |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of growth and division of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Majority of cells life is spent in the growth period |
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Term
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Definition
| Following interphase, a cell enters a period of nuclear division |
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Term
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Definition
| The first and longest phase of mitosis. The long stringy chromatin coils up into visible chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two halves of the double structure chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holds sister chromatids together |
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Definition
| Small, dark, cylndrical structures made of micro-tubules and are located outside the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Football shaped, cage like structures made of micro-tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| short second phase of mitosis. double chromosomes come attached to the spindle fibers by their centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
| third phase of mitosis, when the separate of sister chromatids happen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Following telophase, the cell cytoplasm divides |
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Definition
| In multi cellular organisms cell growth and reproduction results in groups of cells that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues organize in various combinations that perform more complex roles in the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple organs that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell divison |
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Term
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Definition
| Segment of DNA that controls the production of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell with two of each kind of chromosone |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell containing one of each kind of chromosone |
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Term
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Definition
| The two chromosones of each pair in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| this kind of cell division which produces gametes containing half the number of chromosones as parents body cell |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| This pattern of reproduction involving the subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process that non-sister chromotids from homologous chromosones can actually break kand exchange genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| the re-assortment of chromosones and the genetic information they carry either by crossing over or by independent segregation of homologous chromosones |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of homologous chromosones to separate properly during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of adenosine molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached |
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Term
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Definition
| a second phosphate group is added and more energy is required to force the two together |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that used the suns energy to make simple sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| converts light energy into chemical energy |
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Term
| Light Independent Reactions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that absord specific wavelengths of light |
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Term
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Definition
| most common pigment in photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of proteins imbedded in the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that ensures energy is not wasted as they move from the stomata of the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| process of replacing loss of electrons by splitting water molecules from the first photosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| series of reactions that used carbon dioxide to form sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage of glycolysis, no oxygen is required |
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Term
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Definition
| last 2 stages of glycolysis, requires oxygen to be completed |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that breaks down glucose, a 6-carbon compound into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called the curb cycle, series of chemical reactions similar to the calvin cycle in the molecules used in the first reaction is also on the end product |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the processes that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce |
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Term
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Definition
| used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| concepts, principles and theories that allow people to understand the natural environments and study of life |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that possess all the characteristics of life |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly structure in all living things |
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Term
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Definition
| production of off spring, one of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of organisms that can interbreed and rpdouce ferile offspring in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the changes that take place during the life of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms live in a constant interface with their surroundings, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything in an organisms external or internal environment that causes the organism to react |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of an organisms internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survivial |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce for offspring |
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Definition
| Gradual change in species through adaptations over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Common steps that biologist and othere scientists use to gather information and answer questions |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation for a question or problem that can be formely tested |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigation that tests the hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of an experiment that is standard against which results are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition in an experiment that is tested |
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Term
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Definition
| While testing the independent variable, the scientist observes or measures the second condition that results from the change |
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Term
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Definition
| symbol that warns you about a danger that may exist from chemicals, electricy, heat or procedures you will use |
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Term
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Definition
| Information obtained from investigations |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the moral principles and values held by humans |
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Definition
| Application of scientific research to societies needs and problems |
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Definition
| Study of interactions that takes place between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of earth that supports living things |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-living parts of an organisms environment |
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Term
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Definition
| All living organisms that inhabit an environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of organisms all of the same species which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain time |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the communities Abiotic factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Place where an organism lives out its live |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment, how it meets specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it survives and where it reproduces |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species derives one benefit at the expense of another species |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that uses light, energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy rich compounes, is a producer |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism that can not make its own food and feeds on other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| break down the complex compunds of dead and decaying plants and animals into similar molecules that can be more easily absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step, in the passage of energy and materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| Total weight of living matter at each trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
| any biotic or abiotic factor thta restricts the, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic enviromental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| ecologists refer to the prderly natural changes and species replacements that takes place in the community of an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| the colonization of barren land by the communities of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of changes that takes place after an existing community is severly disrupted in some way |
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Term
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Definition
| a large group of eosystems that share the same type of climax community |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper water that never recieves sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| a coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which fresh water and salt water mix |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines |
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Term
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Definition
| small organisms that drift and float in the waters of the photic zone |
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Term
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Definition
| a treeless land with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| also called the boreal or northern coniferous forest |
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Term
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Definition
| an arid region with sparse to almost non existent plant life |
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Term
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Definition
| large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, and similar plants |
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Term
| temperate or deciduous forest |
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Definition
| dominated by broad leaved hardwood trees that lose their foilage annually |
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Term
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Definition
| warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
| means that as a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of organisms that an environment can support indefinately |
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Term
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Definition
| population biologists study the factor that determines the population growth an organisms reproduction pattern |
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Term
| density dependent factors |
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Definition
| disease, competition, predators, parasites, and food |
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Term
| density independent factors |
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Definition
| affects populations regardless of their density |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human population size, density and distribution, movement, and its birth and death rates |
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Term
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Definition
| number of live births per 1000 population in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths per 100 population in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the time needed for a population to double in size |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the proportions of the population that are in different age levels |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the variety of species in a specific area |
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Term
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Definition
| the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies |
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Term
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Definition
| when its numbers become so low that extinction is possible |
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Term
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Definition
| when the population of a species is likeley to become endangered |
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Term
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Definition
| the different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| rain snow sleet and fog with low ph levels |
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Term
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Definition
| another threat to biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs some of the ultraviolet waves striking the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| are not native to the local area |
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Term
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Definition
| the study and implement of the methods to protect biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the enviroment that are useful or necassary for living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| protected strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another |
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Term
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Definition
| strives to enable people to use natural resources in a way that will benefit them and maintain the ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| release organisms into an area where the species once lived |
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Term
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Definition
| an orgaism that is held by people |
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Term
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Definition
| everything is made of substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic of that element |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| atoms of the same element that have different numbers os neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that is composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined |
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Term
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Definition
| when two atoms share electrons, the force tghat holds them together |
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Term
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Definition
| charged particle made of atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the attracctive force between two ions of opposite charge |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a combonation of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how acidic or basic a solution is |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopes enabled scientists to view and study the basic unit of living organisms. |
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Term
| compound light microscopes |
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Definition
| uses a series of lenses to magnify the objects in steps |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| small specialized structures inside the cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| most multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the central membrane bound organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible outer boundrie between the cells enviroment and the cell itself |
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Definition
| process in which a memvrane allows some materials to enter and others to leave |
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Term
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Definition
| has glycerol backbone two fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| model of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of objects or information based on similarities |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of biology that groups and names organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| modern classification systems use a two word naming system |
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Definition
| consists of a group of similar species |
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Term
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Definition
| the second word which sometimes describes an organisms characteristics |
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Definition
| the next larger taxon in the biological classification systemconsists of a group of similar genera |
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Term
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Definition
| taxon of similar families |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plant taxonomists use this instead of phylum |
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Term
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Definition
| taxon of similar phyla or divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| the evelution histoyr of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| one biological system of classification that is based on phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
| biologists identify a group's derived traits and use them to make a branching diagram |
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Term
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Definition
| have very strong cell walls and a less complex genetic make up than found in archaebacteria or eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| a eukaryotic that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist enviroments |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| two strands twisted together that form dna |
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Term
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Definition
| the dna in the chromoses is copied |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of rna brings instructions from dna in the nucleus to the vells factory floor the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the mrna and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order |
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Term
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Definition
| third type of dna is the supplier |
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Term
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Definition
| in the nucleus enzymes make an rna copy of a portion of a dna strand |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three nitrogeneous bases in mrna code for one for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogeous basesin mrna into a sequence of amino acids in protien |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the dna sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a single base pair in dna |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which a single base is added to or deleted from dna |
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Term
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Definition
| the parts of dna join together wrong or backwards |
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Term
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Definition
| any agent that can cause a change in dna |
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Term
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Definition
| evidence of an organism that lived long ago |
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Definition
| theory in which the continents move |
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Term
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Definition
| he i dea that nonliving material can produce life |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that organisms cvome only from other living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| large orderedstructure enclosed by a membrane that carries out some life actuvuties such as growth and division |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotic and live in harsh enviroments such as deep sea vents and hot springs |
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