Term
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Definition
| The process by which a drug is transferred fro its site of entry to the circulating fluids of the body (blood and lymph) for distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect, e.g. hydrocodone with acetaminophen = added analgesic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acronym for the four pharmokinetic stages that drugs go through once administered. |
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Term
| Adverse Drug Reaction (Events) ADR’/ADE’s |
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Definition
| any noxious, unintended or undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy. ADE’s account for more than 2.1 million injuries and 100,000 deaths each year. Many events are related to medication errors. Remember no drug has only one mechanism of action, no drug is truly safe and any drug has the potential to cause an ADE. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that react with a receptor site to stimulate a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual hypersensitivity to a substance usually an antigen/antibody response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that attach to a receptor site but do not stimulate a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| one drug interferes with the action of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| (metabolism) is the process by which the body inactivates drugs. The enzyme systems of the liver are primarily responsible for this task. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous. |
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Term
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Definition
| used by chemist to formulate the drug (the chemical constitution, and molecular groups.) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1970) Also known as the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, it promotes research on drug abuse; the prevention of drug abuse through education, treatment, and rehabilitation for drug-dependent persons; and enhancement of law enforcement. It also created the classification system for controlled substances that are used today to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the increased activity demonstrated by a drug when repeated doses accumulate in the body and exert a greater biologic effect than the initial dose. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intended therapeutic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the displacement of the first drug by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug. For example, warfarin with phenytoin = increased phenytoin effect (and possible toxicity issues). |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of actins (receptors), metabolism and excretion. Distribution occurs via the blood and lymphatic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of medication the physician prescribes to be administered. Dosage (most often) is measured in milligrams. Unit dose is the use of single-unit packages of drugs that are dispensed to fill each dose requirement as it is ordered. The package will be labeled with the drugs name (generic I brand, manufacturer, lot number, and expiration date. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapeutic substance (other than food) used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the body cannot metabolize previous dosages. Drug accumulation may result in toxicity. Drug accumulation may be rapid (IV) or insidious in occurrence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of drug found (assayed) in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| (habituation, addiction, substance abuse) occurs when a person is unable to control the ingestion of a chemical substance. Dependence can be physical or psychological. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interacting with other drugs, with endogenous physiologic chemical agents (e.g. MACIs with epinephrine) with components of the diet, and with chemicals used in diagnostic tests or the results of such tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| In pharmacology enteral refers to delivery of drugs into the gastrointestinal (GI) system (orally, tubes, rectally) |
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Term
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Definition
| Enteric Coated: Medication treated (tablets, spansule, capsules) to delay absorption until it reaches the intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the elimination of drug metabolites and in some cases the drug itself, from the body. (Kidney-primary excretory organ |
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Term
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Definition
| The hastening of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the FDA and pharmaceutical companies in response to a public health threat (e.g., the new bird flu virus outbreak in S.E. Asia has pharmaceutical researchers working in high gear to prevent potentially high mortality rate from a pandemic outbreak.) Drugs that are shown to have promising results in early phases of clinical studies are given to qualified patients and the drug approval process is shortened if the drug continues to show promise. |
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Term
| Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 |
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Definition
| This act required drug manufacturers to apply for an investigational new drug exemption for safety review BEFORE marketing new drugs. (Also placed regulations on product safety and health inspections on food products and cosmetics.) |
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Term
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Definition
| in reference to drug administration half-life is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance formed in a tissue or organ and carried in the blood; stimulates or inhibits the growth or function of one or more other tissues or organs. (Greek-to arouse or set in motion.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction that occurs when two drugs are mixed together, resulting in a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that has not been approved for marketing by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) but is available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy (effectiveness). |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to a small area of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process by which the body inactivates drugs. The enzyme systems of the liver are primarily responsible for this task. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of grams of solute dissolved in 1 ml of a normal solution. The concentrations of electrolytes in a certain volume of solution. Usually expressed in mEq/L (liter) Potassium is an example of an electrolyte measured in milliequivalents. |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaihing to the treatment other than through the digestive system. Usually refers to injections IV, Subcutaneous, and Intramuscular. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs. It examines the physiochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with suitable body receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study or science of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inert, inactive nonspecific substances that have no pharmacological properties and cannot affect the patient physically. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physician’s, dentist or nurse practitioner’s medications orders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some drugs have an affinity to bind with plasma proteins in the blood-stream. When attached to these proteins the drug is pharmacologically inactive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expected, well-know reactions that result in little or no change in patient management. Intensity and occurrence of side effects are related to the size of the dose. These are unwanted or undesirable effects and can be harmful (see adverse effects). |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized; affecting the entire body. Drugs are absorbed into the vascular system and transported to various receptor sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| The desired or intended effect of a particular medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harmful, pertaining to poison. |
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Term
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Definition
| the final name given to a drug; also called the proprietary name or brand name. Trade names are registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of that drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Topical drug administration that is used to administer drugs (systemically). This method bypasses the liver and its first-pass effects. It is suitable for patients who cannot tolerate orally administered medications. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug circulating in the blood-stream that is pharmacologically active. |
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Term
| Vasopressor: (vasoconstrictor): |
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Definition
| Pertaining to the process, condition or substance that causes the constriction of blood vessels, thereby causing an elevation of blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic compound that is essential (in small quantities) for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent the synthesis ot angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor; used to treat hypertension and heart failure |
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Term
| acetyicholinesterase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Promote the accumulation of acetyicholine, resulting in prolonged cholinergic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce effects similar to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine |
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Term
| adrenergic blocking agents |
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Definition
| Inhibit the adrenergic system, preventing stimulation of the adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| aldosterone receptor antagonists |
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Definition
| Block stimulation of mineralocortidoid receptors by aldosterone, thus reducing high blood pressure by preventing sodium reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Gentamicin, tobramycin, and related antibiotics; particularly effective against gram-negative microorganisms; noted for potentially dangerous toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to reduce elevated postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
| Narcotic and nonnarcctic; relieve pain without producing loss of consciousness or reflex activity |
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Term
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Definition
| These steroid hormones produce masculinizing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| For example, local anesthesia, general anesthesia; cause a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness |
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Term
| angiotensin II receptor antagonists |
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Definition
| Also known as ARBs (angictensin receptor blockers); act by binding to angiotensin I] receptor sites, preventing angiotensin II (a very potent vas000nstrictor) from binding to receptor sites in vascular smooth muscle, brain, heart, kidneys, and adrenal gland, thus blocking the blood pressure—elevating and sodium-retaining effects of angiotensin II |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce the acidity of the gastric contents |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to prevent or treat attacks of angina pectoris; most common is nitroglycerin |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat anxiety symptoms or disorders; also known as minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics, although the term tranquilizer is avoided today to prevent the misperception that the patient is being tranquilized |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat infections caused by pathogenic microbes; the term is often used interchangeably with antimicrobial agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Block the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system; also known as cholinergic blocking agents, antispasmodics, and parasympatholytic agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Do NOT dissolve existing blood clots, but do prevent enlargement or extension of blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppress abnormal neuronal activity in the CNS, preventing seizures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as hypoglycemics; include insulin (used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus) and oral hypoglycemic agents (used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Relieve or control the symptoms of acute or chronic diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to correct cardiac dysrhythmias (any heal rate or rhythm other than normal sinus rhythm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat fungal infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to reduce intraocular pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat active gout attacks or to prevent future attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat allergy symptoms; may also be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat elevated blood pressure (hypertension) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to reduce serum cholesternl and/cr triglycerides; most common are statins |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that eliminate living microorganisms pathogenic to the patient; also called antibiotics or anttnfectives |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called chemotherapy agents; used alone or in combination with other treatment modalities such as radiation, surgery, or biologic response modifiers to treat cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in the treatment of Parkinson’s syndrome end other dyskinesias |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent platelet clumping (aggregation), thereby preventing an essential step in formation of a blood clot; most common are aspirin and clopidogreL |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat severe mental illnesses; also known as major tranquilizers or neuroleptics, although the term tranquilizer is avoided today to prevent the misperception that the patient is being tranquilized |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to reduce fevers associated with a variety of conditions; most common are aspirin end acetaminophen |
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Term
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Definition
| Actually anticholinergic agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat the symptoms of hyperthyroidism; also known as thyroid hormone antagonists |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to prevent or treat an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to suppress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| These drugs, such as histamine (H2) antagonists, decrease the volume and increase the pH of gastric secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat infections caused by pathogenic viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibit the activity of sympathetic transmiffers, norepinephrine, and epinephrine; used to treat angina, dysrhytbmias, hyportension, and glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate receptors within the tracheobronchial tree to relax and dilate the airway passages, allowing a greater volume of air to be exchanged and improving oxygenation |
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Term
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Definition
| Also celled calcium ion antagonists, slow channel blockers, or calcium ion influx inhibitors; inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane; used to decrease dysrbythmias, s]ow rate of contraction of the heart, and cause vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibiotics (imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem) with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; they act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis |
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Term
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Interfere with the production of aqueous humor, thereby reducing intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Improve immune function by stimulating the activity of various immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as parasympathomimetics; produce effects similar to those of acetylcholine |
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Term
| cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Definition
| These enzymes destroy acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug, sucralfete, forms a complex that adheres to the crater of an ulcer, protecting it from aggravation from gastric secretions |
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Term
| colony-stimulating factors |
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Definition
| Stimulate progenitor cells in bone marrow to increase numbers of leukocytes, thereby improving immune function |
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Term
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Definition
| These hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Anticholinergic agents that paralyze accommodation of the iris of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that cause direct cell death; often used for cancer chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce swelling in the nasal passages caused by a common cold or allergic rhinitis, usually by vasoconstriction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination products containing digestive enzymes used to treat various digestive disorders and to supplement deficiencies of natural digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of drugs, also known as cardiac glycosides, that increase the force of contraction and slow the heart rate, thereby improving cardiac output; digoxin is the prototype |
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Term
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Definition
| Act to increase the flow of urine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Steroids that cause feminizing effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Ciprofloxacin and related agents; widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to increase stomach contractions, relax the pyloric valve, and increase peristaldis in the gastrointestinal tract; resuit in a decrease in gastric transit time and mere rapid emptying of the intestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as adrenocorticosteroids; are used to regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones produced by the testes in the male and ovaries in the female |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant products usually sold as toed supplements; may have pharmacolcgic effects that are not evaluated or regulated by the FDA |
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Term
| histamine (H2) antagonists |
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Definition
| Decrease the volume and increase the pH of gastric secretions both during the day and the night |
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Term
| HMG-CoA reductase enzyme inhibitors |
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Definition
| Also known as the statins; antilipemio agents that inhibit hydroxymetbyl-glutaryl coenzyme A IHMG-CoAI reductase enzyme, the enzyme that stimulates the conversion of HMG-CoAto mevalonic acid, a precursor in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, thus reducing the potential tor atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to decrease the production or increase the excretion of uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to reduce basal glucose concentrations and elevate postprandial glucose concentrations; used to treat diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone required for glucose transport to the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to prevent physiologic lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| Act by a variety of mechanisms to treat constipation |
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Term
| low molecular weight heparins |
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Definition
| Derivatives of heparin; anticoagulants for the prophylactic treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Erythromycin, azithromycin, and related antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that block monoamine oxidase, thereby preventing the degradation and prolonging the action of norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroids that cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cause constriction of the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce the thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucous plugs to dissolve them muscle relaxants Relieve muscle spasms |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause dilation of the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle relaxants used to produce muscle relaxation during anesthesia; reduce the use and side effects ot general anesthetics; used to ease endotracheal intubation and prevent laryngospasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolize to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator used to treat angina |
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Term
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs INSAIDs) |
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Definition
| These “aspirin- like” drugs are chemically unrelated to the salicylates but are proataglandin inhibitors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Centrally acting analgesic agents related to morphine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for birth control; administered orally |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glucose metabolism and lower blood glucose levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Steroids regulating endometrial and myometrial function; used alone or in combination with estrogen for oral contraception |
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Term
|
Definition
| Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and related drugs; block the maturation of human immunodeticiency virus; used to treat J-u infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| Effective as analgesics, antipyretics, and antiinflammatory agents |
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Term
|
Definition
| Given to an individual to produce relaxation and rest; do not necessarily produce sleep |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
| Antidepressants that act by specifically blocking the reuptake of serotonin, thus prolonging-its action |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to block serotonin; prevent emesis induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery |
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Term
| statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) |
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Definition
| Block the synthesis of cholesterol |
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Term
| stool softeners or fecal softeners |
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Definition
| Draw water into the stool, thereby softening it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interfere with the storage and release of norepinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mimic the action of dopamine, norepinepbrine, and epinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific group of drugs (alteplase, anistreplase, streptokinase, urokinasel given to dissolve existing blood clots |
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Term
| thyroid hormone antagonists |
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Definition
| Used to counteract or block the action ot excessive formation of thyroid hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used when thyroid hormones are not being produced or are not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s physiologic needs |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
| Inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and seretcnin (include doxepin, amitriptyline, and imipraminel |
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Term
|
Definition
| Act on the tubules of the kidneys to enhance the excretion of uric acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produce a local anesthetic effect on the mucosa of the ureters and bladder to relieve burning, pain, urgency, and frequency associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Substances excreted and concentrated in the urine in sufficient amounts to have an antiseptic effect on the urine and the urinary tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used primarily to prevent preterm labor and delivery |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase the frequency or strength of uterine contractions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Suspensions of either live, attenuated, or killed bacteria or viruses administered to induce immunity against infection of specific bacteria or viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relax the arteriolar smooth muscle causing a dilation of the blood vessels |
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