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| physically transmits hereditary info between generations. Long threads of DNA in a Eukaryotic cell associated with protein. |
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| The M phase of cell division in which microtubular apparatus is assembled, binds to the chromosomes, and moves them apart. Seperates daughter cell genomes |
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| special form of nuclear division that precedes gamete formation in sexually reproducing eukaryotes. Results in four haploid daughter cells |
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| Events that prepare the eukaryotic cell for division and the division process itself: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
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| The two parts of a chromosome that carry the same information at the same location of the chromosome. |
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| Cells with two of each type of Chromosome |
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| Identical copies of the same replicated chromosome |
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| special linkage site where the sister chromatids remain joined together after replication |
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| a complex of DNA and protein |
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| Proteins with positive charges that the DNA helix wraps around |
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| A complex of 200 nucleotides coiled around 8 histone proteins |
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| Chromosomes replicate then wind up tightly |
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| A network of protein cables formed by centrioles moving apart in an animal cell |
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| The first stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes become more condensed, the nuclear envelope is reabsorbed, and a network of microtubules (the spindle) forms between opposite poles of the cell |
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| the stage of Mitosis characterized by the alignment of chromosomes on a plane in the center of the cell |
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| In mitosis and Meiosis II, the stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids, during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell; in meiosis I, marked by separation of replicated homologous chromosomes |
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| The dismantling of the stage and the removal of the props. Mitotic spindle is disassembled and a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes while they begin to uncoil and the nucleus reappears |
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| Another word for mitosis--the cell has divided its replicated chromosomes into two nuclei positioned at opposite ends of the cell |
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| the division of the cytoplasm |
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| small proteins that bind to the plasma membrane and trigger intracellular signaling systems |
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| when an apparently normal cell begins to grow in an uncontrolled way and spreads to other parts of the body |
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| span of cells that constantly expands in size |
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| cells that leave a tumor and spread throughout the body, forming new tumors at distant sites |
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| genes that encode proteins that stimulate cell division |
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| mutated proto-oncogenes that cause cancer |
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| cancer giving cells that turn off cell division in healthy cells |
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| eggs and sperm (contain two chromosomes) |
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| the fusion of an egg and sperm with half of the complementing chromosomes possessed by each |
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| The fusion of gametes to form a new cell |
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| Somatic cells with two sets of chromosomes present |
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| Gametes with only one set of Chromosomes present |
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| reproduction involving Meiosis and fertilization |
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| reproduction by mitotic division which does not require the fusion of gametes |
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| When a diploid cell goes through mitosis and creates all the cells in the body. Identical to the zygote |
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| Cells that will undergo meiosis and create gametes |
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| the attachment of chromosomes in the spindle apparatus during metaphase I |
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| tendency for traits to pass from parent to offspring |
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| Letting varieties of plants self-fertilize for several generations |
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| Generation of plants that self-breeded and thus had no variation in each generation |
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| Mendel crossed two peas with alternative traits, ie; a white flower with a purple. F1 is the resulting offspring |
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| The seeds that came from F1 generation some of them end up white which is the recessive trait |
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| the trait that expresses itself and can be seen |
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| The trait that is not seen |
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| the traits that dictate what a generation will have |
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| if the two copies of each trait from the parents are the same |
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| If the two factors are different- one white for instance, one purple |
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| the appearance of an individual |
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| the alleles the plant receives from its parents that determine its appearance |
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| a visual showing possible results of true breeding |
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| the frequency that genotypes occur in the offspring |
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| crossing plants to find out the genetic composition of a plant |
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| the name for Mendel's theory about heredity and such |
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| heterozygous for borth traits |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of the other trait. |
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| gradation in phenotypes resulting in polygenic vibes |
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| an individual allele with more than one effect on the phenotype |
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| produce heterozygous phenotype intermediate between those of the parents |
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| interaction between products of two genes in which one of the genes modifies the phenotype of the other |
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| gene with more than two alleles that are both dominant |
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| trait determined by sex chromosome |
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| chromosome members similar in size nd morphology in males and females |
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| different in males and females |
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| failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis and such |
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| an abnormal number of chromosomes |
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| humans who have lost a copy of an autosome |
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| humans with an extra copy of an autosome |
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| heredity condition in which blood clots slowly or not at all. Caused by mutation of proteins |
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| hereditary disorder in which red blood cells are mutated and makes it more difficult to transport oxygen to tissues. They accumulate in vessels and form clots |
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| hereditary condition caused by dominant allele that leads to progressive deterioration of brain cells |
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| counseling parents who are at risk of producing parents with genetic defects |
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| procedure for pregnant woman at high risks that permits prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders |
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| means of observing position of needle and fetus in the uterus |
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| Chorionic villus sampling |
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| invasive procedure for genetic screening that removes cells from the chorion. can increase the risk of miscarriage |
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| Preimplantation genetic screening |
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| egg is fertilized in glass outside the mother and allowed to divide three times until it contains 8 cells. Then each cell is removed and tested for genetic disorders |
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