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| green areas fed by underground water |
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| the head of a tribe or a tribal leader |
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| a group of traveling merchants and animals |
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| the messages that Muhammad said she recived from Allah, these writings were put in a book and were the holy book of Islam |
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| the successor to the messenger of God |
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| believed that Alli, Muhammad's son-in-law should succeed him snd that all future caliphs should be Ali's decendants. |
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| outnumbered the Shittles, accepted the Umayyad dynastyas rightful caliphs though they did not always agree with their policies. |
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| what the Seljuk ruler called himself |
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| the most strinking feature of a mosque, they are towers from which a crier calls believers to prayer five times a day |
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