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| massacre of peaceful protesters at Winter's Square in St. Petersberg in 1905 that turned ordinary workers agaisnt the tsar adn produced a wave of general indignation |
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| divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus a Jewish Captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason |
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| Russian parliament opened in 1906 elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but with absolute veto power from the tsar |
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| result of American Civil War that gave western land to settlers reinforcing the concept of free labor in market economy |
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| struggle for civilization Bismarks attack on Catholic Church resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibilty in 1870 |
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| changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time |
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| result of a great general strike in october 1905 in granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected duma (parialment) with real legislative power |
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| proposed after the liberal party came to power in England in 1906 and vetoed by the lords it was designed to increase spending on social welfare issues |
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| guerrilla army of Guiseppe Girabaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it and won the hearst of the Sicilian peasantry |
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| the populary elected lower house of government of the new German empire after 1871 |
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| an effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect teh realities of the time |
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| result of discontent from Russian Factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging natoinalist sentiment among the empires minorities |
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| a new instituion of local government in reformed Russia whose memembers were elected by a 3 class system of towns peasant village adn noble landowners |
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| movement toward jewish policital nationhood started by Theodor Herzl |
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| german customs union founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenuse of memember states |
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