Term
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Definition
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Term
| Redox cofactors &/or antioxidants: |
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Definition
Vitamin C
Vitamin E (tocopherols)
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, not
an antioxidant)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Folic acid
Pantothenic acid |
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Term
formed in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol plus sunlight
converted in the liver to a hormone that regulates calcium uptake. |
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Definition
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Term
-family of is fat-soluble compounds
-found in fish oils, liver, eggs, whole milk, and butter |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ (found in orange & yellow vegetables), can be enzymatically converted to Vitamin __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency - dryness of the skin, eyes, & mucous membranes, retarded growth, night blindness |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________, one form of Vitamin A, functions as a hormone and as a pigment in the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ________ - active drug in Retin-A used in the treatment of severe acne and other skin problems |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ - ___ - ________ is a cofactor for rhodopsin, playing a role in vision |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the technical name for too much Vitamin A and D? |
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Definition
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Term
| prevents free radicals (i.e. superoxide anions) from oxidizing compounds (i.e. polyunsaturated fats), thus maintaining integrity of cellular membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| found in eggs and vegetable oils |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency is very rare in humans; primary symptom is fragile erythrocytes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| undergoes redox rxn to form prothrombin |
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Definition
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Term
| found in green plant leaves; deficiency is very rare. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ (coumadin), with a similar structure, is used to prevent excessive blood clotting. |
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Definition
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Term
| Isoprenoids = __ linear carbons, __ carbon off to the side |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamins __ and __ are isoprenoid derivatives |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ (also called coenzyme Q) is an isoprenoid |
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Definition
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Term
| Comes in three flavors: reduced, oxidized, ionized |
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Definition
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Term
| regenerates vitamin E from its radical form |
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Definition
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Term
| Most animals make vitamin __, but humans can’t; we obtain it through fruits & vegetables |
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Definition
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Term
| required for the hydroxylation of proline in collagen (cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Vitamin C in oxidized form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reduced form of Vitamin C? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ionized form of Vitamin C? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scurvy from _________ deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
__-_____________ required in collagen (connective tissue in
vertebrates) |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency of vitamin __ causes scurvy, characterized by _______ __________ degradation |
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Definition
| C; connective tissue degradation |
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Term
| Poor healing, bleeding, tooth loss, bone pain, heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| Milder cases: fatigue, irritability, increased severity of respiratory tract infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Cofactor for pyruvate & alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; hence, important for metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Also does Aldehyde transfers |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency causes Beriberi – characterized by heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics-ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion) |
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Definition
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Term
| Activates Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) |
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Definition
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Term
| Involved in many oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Definition
| B2- Riboflavin, B3- Niacin |
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Term
| Required for metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in meats, nuts, cheese, milk, leafy vegetables, fish, legumes, grains |
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Definition
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Term
| Not toxic in high doses (but turns urine dark yellow) |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency (not common) causes eye & skin problems, mouth inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is synthesized from tryptophan |
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Definition
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Term
| But humans generally cannot synthesize enough. |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency affects all of the NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases, causing pellagra |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is characterized by the four D's =diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death, from what deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
100 years ago, when corn was a dietary
staple, pellagra was common because
corn is low in ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pellagra commonly seen in today? |
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Definition
| alcoholics who have reduced niacin absorption |
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Term
____-_______ medicine can cause niacin
deficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is synthesized from Niacin: no niacin = no ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| helps maintain healthy nerve and red blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| found in fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, milk products |
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Definition
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Term
| Vegetarians & vegans are in danger of deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ deficiency results in reduced levels of hemoglobin (megaloblastic anemia), as well as nervous system impairment that may be irreversible |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ______ can correct the anemia from B12 deficiency, but not nerve damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| has a weak cobalt-carbon bond |
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Definition
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Term
| organometallic biological molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Corrin ring structure: tetrapyrrole (4 heterocyclic aromatic rings) ring system |
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Definition
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Term
| With 5'-deoxy-adenosine bound to cobalt, is called coenzyme B12. |
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Definition
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Term
| Needed for more than 100 enzymes that play roles in protein metabolism (aids in group transfers to & from animo acids) |
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme cofactor _______ ________ is derived from vitamin B6 |
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Definition
| pyridoxyl phosphate (PLP) |
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Term
| Deficiency can result in anemia but is rare |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in a wide variety of foods |
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Definition
| B6-Pyridoxine, B7- Biotin |
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Term
| Precursor to Coenzyme A, a carrier of carbon fragments such as acetate (i.e. acetyl-CoA); acyl transfers |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in many foods; deficiency not seen |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency is rare, but can result from a diet rich in raw eggs, because eggs are rich in avidin, which binds biotin very tightly |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency also can be caused by longterm antibiotic use (synthesized in GI tract) |
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Definition
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Term
| Carboxylizes pyruvate (to form oxaloacetate), acetyl CoA, and propionyl CoA; hence, necessary for Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______ ________ derivative, tetrahydrofolate, carries 1-carbon units (more reduced form of CO2) |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency can stop DNA synthesis, also can cause megaloblastic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ _______ is found in leafy vegetables, beans and peas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Grains are now (since 1996) enriched with _______ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevents neural tube defects in the developing fetus, and heart disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| aa metabolism, glycogenolysis |
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Definition
| B6; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine |
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Term
| gluconeogenesis, fa, tca, aa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| component of oxidases in oxidative metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, collagen synthesis (deficiency = muscle weakness, neurological deficit, abnormal collagen) |
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Definition
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Term
| essential component of thyroid hormone (deficiency =goiter, hypothyroidism) |
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Definition
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Term
| essential component of hemoglobin, other metallo-enzymes (deficiency = defective hemoglobin, anemia) |
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Definition
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Term
| component of glutathione peroxidase (deficiency = cardiomyopathy) |
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Definition
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Term
| component of oxidases (deficiency = retarted growth & impaired wound healing) |
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Definition
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