• Function in the Body: part of coenzyme TPP used in energy metabolism
• Deficiency Disease: Beriberi
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Enlarged heart, cardiac failure; muscular weakness; apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability; anorexia, weight loss
  
• Toxicity: None reported
• Sources: Whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; moderate amounts in all nutritious food
  

• Function in the Body: Part of coenzymes FMN and FAD used in energy metabolism
• Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis
• Deficiency Sysmptoms: Sore throat; cracks & redness at corners of mouth; painful smooth, purplish red tongue; inflmmation characterized by skin lesions coverned with greasy scales
• Toxicity Symptoms: None Reported
• Sources: Milk products; whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; liver
  

Vitamin B₃: Niacin
Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide

• Function in the Body: Part of coenzymes NAD & NADP used in energy metabolism
• Deficiency Disease: Pellagra
• Deficiency Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting; inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue; depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache, bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
• Toxicity: Painful flush, hives, and rash; nausea and vomiting; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
• Sources: Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish; whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products; nuts & all protein-containing foods
  

• Functions in the Body: Part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
• Deficiency Disease: Rare
• Deficiency Symptoms: Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingly sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rah around the eyes, nose and mouth; hair loss
• Toxicity: None reported
• Sources: Widespread in foods; liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole-grains; also produced by GI bacteria

• Functions in the Body: Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism
  
• Deficiency Disease: Rare
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Vomitting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessnes, apathy; hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk
  
• Toxicity: None Reported
  
• Sources: Widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole-grains
  

Vitamin B_6-
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

• Functions in the Body: Part of coenzymes PLP and PMP used in amino acid & fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make red blood cells
  
• Deficiency Disease: None
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Scaly dermatitis; anemia; depression, confusion, convulsions
• Toxicity: Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions
  
• Sources: Meats, fish, poultry, potatoes, and other starchy vegetables, legumes, noncitrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver soy products 
  

Vitamin B: Folate

Folic acid, Folacin, Peteryglutamic acid

• Functions in the Body: Part of coenzymes THF & DHF used in DNA synthesis & therefore importnat in new cell formation
  
• Deficiency Disease: None
• Deficiency Symptoms: Anemia; smooth, red tongue; mental confusion; weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; shortness of breath; elevated homocysteine
  
• Toxicity: Masks vitamin B₁₂ deficiency sysmptoms
  
• Sources: Fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, & liver
  

• Functions in the Body: Needed for synthesis of the neruotransmitter acetylcholine & the phospholipid lecithin
  
• Deficiency Disease: None
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Liver damage
  
• Toxicity: Body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage
  
• Sources: Milk, liver, eggs, & peanuts
  

• Functions in the Body: Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin & deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
  
• Deficiency Disease: Pernicious Anemia
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Anemai, fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progessing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation
  
• Toxicity: None reported
• Sources: Foods of animal origin & fortified cereals
  

Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

• Functions in the Body: Collagen snythesis, antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron
  
• Deficiency Disease: Scurvy
  
• Deficiency Symptoms:Anemia, atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; muscle degeneration & pain, hysteria, depression; rough skin, blotchy bruises
  
• Sources: Citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papyas, mangoes
  

Vitamin A-

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid

• Functions in the Body: Vision; maintenance of cornea, epitheial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone & tooth growth; reproduction; immunity
  
• Deficiency Disease: Hypovitaminosis A
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Night blindness, corneal drying, triangular gray spots on eye, softening of the cornea, and corneal degeneration & blindness; impaired immunity; plugging of hair follicies with keratin, forming white lumps
  
• Toxicity Disease: Hypervitaminosis A
• Toxicity Symptoms:
  -Chronic: Increased actiivyt of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defects
  -Acute: Blurred vision, nausea, vomitting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches, muscle incoordination
  
• Sources: Retinol: fortified milk cheese, cream, butter fortified margarine, eggs, liver; Beta-carotene: spinach & other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits & vegetables
  

Vitamin D-

Calciferol

• Functions in the Body: Mineralization of bones
  
• Deficiency Disease: Rickets in Children; Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in Adults
  
• Deficiency Symptoms:
  -Rickets in Children: Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones, enlargement of ends of long bones; deformities of ribs; delayed closing of fontanel, reulting in rapid enlargement of head; lax muscles resulting in protrusionof abdomen; msucle spasms
  -Osteomalacia or Osteoporosis in Adults: Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible brittle, and deformed bones; progessive weakness; pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
  
• Toxicity Disease: Hypervitaminosis D
  
• Toxicity Symptoms: Elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissue
  
• Sources:Snythesized in the body with the help of sunlight; fortified milk, margarine, butter, jucies, cereals, & chocolate mixes; veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish
  

Vitamin E: Alpha-tocopherol

• Functions in the Body: Antioxidant
  
• Deficiency Disease: None
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Red blood cell breakage; nerve damage
  
• Toxicity Symptoms: Augments the effect of anticlotting medication
  
• Sources: Polyunsaturated plant oils, leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds, fatty meats
  

Vitamin K-

Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone

• Functions in the Body: Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins & bone proteins
  
• Deficiency Disease: None
  
• Deficiency Symptoms: Hemorrhaging
  
• Toxicity Symptoms: None known
  
• Sources: Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract; liver; leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables; milk