Vitamins are....

Cofactors, not energy

Vitamins are __(1)__ compounds needed for __(2)__ , __(3)__ , and __(4)__

1. Organic

2. Normal function

3. Growth

4. Maintenance

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A D E K

Vitamin A is ...

An antioxidant that is also used for color

It is involved with orange, carotenoids, and vision

Vitamin D is made with and important for...

Sunlight and fortified in milk

Ca:P ratios

-and-

Avoiding rickets 

Vitamin E is and is used for...

A tocopherol

its an antioxidant that is important in preventing stroke, cancer and heart disease

Vitamin K is...

Important in contributing to blood clotting factor

What are three signs of Vitamin A deficiency?

1. Night blindness

2. Decreased resistance to infections

3. Extemely dry skin, hair or nails

Hypervitaminosis A leads to these toxic symptoms...

1. Dry, itchy skin

2. Headaches and fatigue

3. Hair loss

4. Liver damage

5. Blurred vision

6. Loss of appetite

7. Skin coloration (Carotenosis / carotenemia)

What is vitamin D also know as?

Calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption

What is the main role of vitamin D?

Maintaining calcium and potassium levels

Vitamin D is the only fat soluble vitamin that can do this...

Be made in the presence of sunlight

Vitamin D can be made from...

Cholesterol

A deficiency of viatime D can lead to...

Rickets

What four problems can toxicity of Vitamin D cause?

1. Kidney stones

2. Excessive calcification of bone

3. Calcification of soft tissues (kidney and lung)

4. Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels

Vitamin K contributes to __(1)__

can be __(2)__ to continue biological action

and works as  __(3)__ for an enzyme that makes __(4)__

1. Sythesis of seven blood clotting factors

2. Reactivated

3. Cofactor

4. Two bone proteins

Vitamin K is a cofactor for what enzyme?

Carboxylase

Vitamin K is essential for the clotting factors _(1-3)_  and _(4)_ as well as anticoagulation proteins _(5-7)_

1. 7

2. 9

3. 10

4. Prothrombin

5. Protein C

6. Protein S

7. Protein Z

Warfarin is a vitamin K __(1)__ that inhibits the __(2)__ vitamin K at __(3)__

1. Antagonist

2. Recycling of

3. Two dithiol-dependent steps

What are nine water soluble vitamins?

B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12

1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12

Vitamin C

B1 - Thiamine

B2 - Riboflavin

B3 - Niacin

B5 - Panothenic acid

B6 - Pyridoxamine, pyridoxine

B7 - Biotin

B9 - Folic acid

B12 - Cobalamins

Thiamin Deficiencies and Toxicities can lead to...

(Which is which?)

Beri Beri (wet/ dry?)

Impaired muscle contractions

Impaired cardiac function,

edema and muscle twitches

Decreased neurological function

and memory loss

Niacin (B3) is involved in __(1)__ and its deficiency leads to __(2)__ disease

1. Energy metabolism

2. Pellagra

Pellagra is characterized by...

The four D's

1. Dermatitis (scaly sores)

2. Diarrhea (mucosal changes)

3. Dementia (mental symptoms)

4. Death

(From an inability to absorb niacin (B3) or tryptophan)

Folate (B9, folic acid) converts vitamin B-12 to __(1)__

Supports __(2-4)__

Along with these two vitamins __(5,6)__ may decrease risk for _(7)_

1. Coenzyme form

2. DNA synthesis

3. Cell replication

4. Growth

5. B12

6. B6

7. Heart disease

Deficiency of folate (B9, folic acid) causes 

Macrocytic anemia

if deficient in pregnancy linked to neural tube birth defects

Vitamin B12 deficiency/toxicity

Megaloblasts and macrocytes rather than normal red blood cells

Brain abnormalities and spinal cord degeneration which can be lethal

Pernicious anemia attacks parietal cells and diminishes intrinsic factor and stomach acid

Vitamin C deficiency/toxicity

Scurvy

Breakdown of gums and joints

Bone pain

Diarrhea

Fractures

Fatigue

What is the best way to make a clinical diagnosis to identify a vitamin deficiency?

Signs and symptoms

What are two general methods for assessing vitamin levels?

The vitamin or its metabolite can be measured in serum or urine

Enzyme activity that is vitamin dependent can be measured