Term
| Folic Acid (tetrahydrofolic acid) |
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Definition
| receives one-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine, and histidine and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidine monophosphate |
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Term
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Definition
Megoblastic anemia caused by diminished synthesis of purines and TMP, which leads to an inability of cells (including red cell precursors) to make DNA and therefore, they canot divide.
Spina bifida and anencephaly in pregnant women |
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Term
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Definition
| the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and the isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) that is produced during the degradation of some amino acids (isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine), and fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms. |
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Term
| Cobalamin (B12) Deficiency |
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Definition
the utilization of the N5-methyl form of tetrahydrofolate in the B12-dependent methylation of homocysteine to methionine is impaired, trapping folate in the N5-methyl form, which results in deficiency of tetrahydrofolate leading to megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious Anemia due to autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells that secrete intrinsic factor which binds to vitamin and absorbs in distal ileum
Spinal degeneration |
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Term
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) |
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Definition
| main function is a reducing agent in several different reactions Coenzyme in hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of collagen. Required for maintenance of normal connective tissue and wound healing. |
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Term
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Definition
sore or spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, and anemia - scurvy.
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Term
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
(pyridoxal phosphate - active) |
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Definition
Precursor of biologically active coenzyme that is part of a large number of enzymes that catalyze reactions involving amino acids:
Transamination - vital for gluconeogenesis
Deamination -
Decarboxylation - histamine synthesis
Condensation |
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Term
| Pyridoxine (B6) Deficiency |
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Definition
seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitits with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjuctivits, intertrigo, and neurologic symptoms of somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy
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Term
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
(Thiamine Pyrophosphate) |
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Definition
Biologically active form formed by the transfer of pyrophosphate group from adenosine triphosphate to inactive form of vitamin. Active form serves as a coenzyme in the formation or degradation of alpa-ketols by transketolase and in the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids
Coenzyme for Pyruvate dehydrogenase, which transforms Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
Coenzyme for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which transforms alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl Coa in TCA cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Beriberi
Infantile - tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions, and if not treated, death
Adult - dry skin, irritability, disordered thinking, and progressive paralysis
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - apathy, loss of memory, confabulations, ataxia, nystagmus |
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Term
| Niacin (nicotinic acid) (Vitamin B3) |
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Definition
Biologically active coenzyme forms are NAD and NADP and serve as coenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions in which the pyridine ring accepts a hydride ion (hydrogen atom plus one electron)
Used to treat hyperlipidemia because it inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, by decreasing free fatty acid production which is major precursor in TAG synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Pellegra - disease involving the skin, GI tract, and CNS. 3Ds: Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (and death) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two biologically active forms are FMN and FAD, formed by ATP. Capable of accepting two hydrogen atoms. Bound to enzymes that catalyze the oxidation or reduction of a substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis (tongue appearing smooth and purplish) |
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Term
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Definition
covalently bonds to epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in Pyruvate carboxylase, which carboxylates Pyruvate to OAA. Important step in gluconeogenesis.
Covalently bonds to lysyl residue on acetyl CoA carboxylase, which carboxylates acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA *Rate limiting step in Fatty Acid Synthesis*
Propionyl CoA carboxylase needs this vitamin to carboxylate propionyl CoA to form D-methylmalonyl CoA - Imp't for Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids
3-Methyl-crotonyl CoA carboxylase requires this vitamin to form 3-Methyl-glutaconyl CoA in Amino acid degradation of Leucine to form acetoacetate and Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| rare to have a deficiency, caused by raw egg white diet because it contains a glycoprotein, avidin, which tightly binds to it and prevents it's absorption from the intestine. Causes dermatitis, glossitis, loss of appetite, and nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of coenzyme A (CoA), which functions in the transfer of acyl groups, succinyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA, and acetyl CoA. Also a component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of fatty acid synthase. Carries acyl units on its terminal thiol during fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
| Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid, beta-carotene) |
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Definition
Component of visual pigments
growth
reproduction, supporting spermatogenesis and preventing resorption in the female
differentiation of epithelial tissue and mucus secretion |
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Term
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Definition
Nightblindness
Xerophthalmia - dryness of conjuctiva and cornea
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Term
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol)
(1,25-diOH-D3) |
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Definition
maintain adequate levels of plasma calcium by
increasing calcium uptake in intestine
minimizing calcium loss by the kidney
stimulating resorption of bone when necessary |
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Term
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Definition
rickets - soft pliable bones in children
osteomalacia - brittle bones in adults
too much causes loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, and stupor |
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Term
Vitamin K
(Menadione, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone) |
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Definition
| serves as a coenzyme in the carboxylation of certain glutamic acid residues present in various blood clotting factors (prothrombin, II, VII, IX, X) |
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Term
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Definition
rare because intestinal bacteria create it
hypoprothombinemia causing bleeding tendency
too much can cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice |
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Term
| Vitamin E (alpha-Tocopherol) |
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Definition
| antioxidant in prevention of the nonenzymatic oxidation of cell components |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cell fragility leads to hemolytic anemia |
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Term
What is the most common cause of Folic Acid Deficiency?
What anti-epileptic drug causes Folic Acid deficiency?
how?
What 2 other drugs can cause folic acid deficiency?
How? |
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Definition
Nutritional due to poor diet and/or alcoholism
Phenytoin
by impairing absorption in the small intestine
TMP, Methotrexate
By antagonizing its physiologic effects
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Term
| Occurs among premature infants, disorders in absorption, and genetic disorders. Fatigue, anemia, osteoporosis, leukopenia. Lab findings include neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and microcytic, hypochromic anemia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Keshan disease - cadriomyopathy and muscle weakness |
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Definition
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Term
Alopecia, dermatitis, central and peripheral neuropathy, depression, nausea, and vomiting.
what deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
Neutropenia, osteoporosis, and hypochromic anemia
what deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
Xerophthalmia and night blindness
what deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
Ecchymosis, petechiare, and bleeding
what deficiency? |
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Definition
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