Term
| What is the function of Vitamin A? |
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Definition
| Night vision, Skin cell formation, Growth and Reproduction, Retardation of Aging (Retin-A cream) |
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Term
| What happens when someone is deficient in vitamin A? |
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Definition
| Poor night vision, Keratinization of skin, failure to grow, reproduction failure. |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Vitamin A toxicity? |
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Definition
| Headache, vomiting, joint pain, thickening of bones, hair loss, jaundice. |
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Term
| What are some food sources of Vitamin A? |
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Definition
| Fortified milk, dark green, deep yellow, and orange veggies, yellow and orange fruits. |
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Term
| What is the function of Vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Essential for bone growth, AKA sunshine vitamin, enhances Calcium and Phosphorous absorption, bone mineral metabolism, cell growth, muscle function. |
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Term
| What are the side effects for Vitamin D deficiency? |
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Definition
| Faulty bone growth, Rickets (children), Osteomalacia (adults) |
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Term
| What are the side effects for vitamin D toxicity? |
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Definition
| Progressive weakness, bone pain, hypercalcemia, failure to thrive, calcification of soft tissue. |
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Term
| What are some food sources of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Fortified milk (cow and soy), fortified OJ, oily fish, sunlight on the skin. |
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Term
| What is the function of Vitamin E? |
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Definition
| Antioxidant, cell membrane protection, retardation of aging. |
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Term
| What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency? |
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Definition
| Anemia in premature babies, increased risk of oxidative damage to body tissues. |
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Term
| What are some food sources for Vitamin E? |
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Definition
| Vegetable oils, fortified cereals, nuts, dark green leafy veggies, spaghetti sauce. |
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Term
| What is the function of vitamin K? |
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Definition
| Synthesized in Large intestines (requires E-coli), Important role in blood clotting, bone formation, antibiotics and anticoagulants interfere (coumadin) with synthesis. |
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Term
| What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency? |
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Definition
| Petechial hemorahages, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, defective clotting. |
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Term
| What are some food sources for vitamin K? |
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Definition
| Green leafy vegetables, canned tuna, spaghetti sauce, synthesized by intestinal bacteria. |
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Term
| What is the function of Vitamin C? |
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Definition
| Antioxidant, collagen synthesis, general metabolism (tyrosine formation, hemoglobin synthesis), wound healing, immune function. |
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Term
| What are the signs of Vitamin C deficiency? |
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Definition
| Scurvy, slowed wound healing, anemia, easy bruising, petechial hemorrhages, gingivitis. |
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Term
| What are some food sources of vitamin C? |
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Definition
| Citrus fruits and berries, broccoli, cabbage, chili, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes. |
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Term
What is the function of Thiamin (B-1)?
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Definition
| Carb metabolism, coenzyme for glucose breakdown. |
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Term
| What are the signs of Thiamin (vitamin b-1) deficiency? |
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Definition
| Alcoholics require increased amounts, Beriberi-marked fatigue, chest pain, abdominal discomfort. highly polished rice has lost thiamine content via milling process. |
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Term
| What are some food sources of Thiamin (vitamin b-1)? |
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Definition
| Pork, beef, organ meats, whole grains, fortified cereals, legumes. |
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Term
| What are the functions of Riboflavin (b-2)? |
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Definition
| coenzyme in tissue building and general metabolism. |
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Term
| what are the signs of Riboflavin (b-2) deficiency? |
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Definition
| Cheilosis (lip swelling, cracking of the corner of the mouth), glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis (greasy, scaly skin) itchy burning eyes. |
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Term
What are some food sources of Riboflavin (b-2)?
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Definition
| milk products, organ meats, enriched cereals |
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Term
| What is the function of Niacin (b-3)? |
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Definition
| Coenzyme in glucose metabolism, precursor for tryptophan converted into niacin. |
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Term
| What are the signs of deficiency of Niacin (b-3)? |
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Definition
Pellegra: 4 D's
Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, and Death c/o muscle weakness & anorexia. |
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Term
| What are some food sources of Niacin (b-3)? |
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Definition
| Meat, protein foods containing tryptophan, peanuts, enriched grains/cereals. |
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Term
| What is the function of Pyridoxine (b-6)? |
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Definition
| Coenzyme in protein metabolism (neurotransmitters transfer of substances, niacin formation from tryptophan, hemoglobin formation, immune function) |
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Term
| What are the signs of Pyridoxine (b-6) deficiency? |
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Definition
| Anemia, neurological changes, buildup of homocysteine (causes CV disease), preeclampsia, given to tx. TB in conjunction w/ Isoniazine (INH) |
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Term
| What are the signs of Pyridoxine (b-6) toxicity? |
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Definition
| Muscle coordination interference, damage to the nervous system. |
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Term
| What are the food sources for Pyridoxine (b-6)? |
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Definition
| meat, organ meats, whole grains, cereals, legumes, bananas. |
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Term
| What is the function of Pantothenic Acid? |
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Definition
| Part of coenzyme A, controls metabolic reactions with carbs, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
| What are the food sources of Pantothenic Acid? |
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Definition
| Eggs, milk, liver, broccoli |
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Term
| What is the function of biotin? |
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Definition
| Aids in carbon dioxide transfer within the body, general metabolism |
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Term
| What are the signs of deficiency of Biotin? |
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Definition
| Raw egg whites and antibiotics can cause deficiency |
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Term
| What are the food sources of biotin? |
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Definition
| Egg yolk, liver, synthesized in intestine. |
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Term
| What is the function of Folate (folic acid/ B-9)? |
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Definition
| Coenzyme which attatches carbons to metabolic compounds (purines, thymine, hemoglobin) |
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Term
| What are the signs of Folate (folic acid/ B-9) deficiency? |
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Definition
| Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in babies: spina bifida (spinal cord remains outside body), increased homocysteine levels, arteriosclerosis, decreased stomach acid=decrease folate absorption (antacids, proton-pump inhibitors) |
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Term
| What are the food sources of folate (folic acid/ B-9)? |
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Definition
| Green leafy vegetables, oranges, orang juice, tomatoes, liver and organ meats, fortified cereals |
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Term
| What is the function of Cobalamine (b-12)? |
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Definition
| Coenzyme in metabolism of protein and the formation of RBC's, formation of myelin sheath covering the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| What are the signs of Cobalamine (B-12) deficiency? |
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Definition
| Pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor- necessary to absorb b-12 in stomach) ex. from gastrectomy, elderly. |
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Term
| What is the function of calcium? |
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Definition
| bone/tooth formation, essential for blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, cell membrane permeability |
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Term
| What are the signs of calcium deficiency? |
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Definition
| Tetany (severe intermittent spasms, muscle pain, seizures), rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper/hypo parathyroidism |
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Term
| What are the food sources of calcium? |
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Definition
| milk, cheese, yogurt, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fortified soy products and fruit juice |
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Term
| What are the functions of phosphorous? |
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Definition
| bone/tooth growth, ATP (helps transfer energy within the cells), assists in acid-base balance, functions in metabolism of fats, CHO, and protein. |
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Term
| What are the signs of phosphorous deficiency? |
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Definition
| hypophophatemia (tetany due to drop in calcium levels), muscle weakness, metabolic acidosis, heart failure. |
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Term
| what are the food sources of phosphorous? |
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Definition
| milk, cheese, meat, egg yolk, whole grains,legumes, nuts, soft drinks |
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Term
| What is the function of magnesium? |
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Definition
| A major constituent of bone, assists in K+, Ca++ & protein metabolism, essential for neuromuscular function, peripheral vasodilation |
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Term
| what are the signs of magnesium deficiency? |
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Definition
| decreased level: tremor spasm (malnutrition/alcoholism), Arrhythmias |
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Term
| what are the food sources of magnesium? |
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Definition
| milk, cheese, meat, seafood, whole grains, legumes, nuts |
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Term
| What are the functions of sodium? |
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Definition
| most abundant ECF cation, fluid water balance, acts as a buffer base, aides in nerve impulse conduction, helps control muscle contractility |
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Term
| what are the signs of sodium deficieny? |
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Definition
| high blood pressure, confusion, cerebral edema, muscle weakness, acid-base balance disturbance (hyper or hyponatriemia) |
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Term
| what are the food sources of sodium? |
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Definition
| salt, sodium compounds used in baking and food processing, milk, cheese, carrots, spinach, beets, celery. |
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Term
| What are the functions of potassium? |
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Definition
| most abundant ICF cation, maintains fluid balance and ICF osmotic pressure, helps regulate muscle contraction, maintains regular rhythm & contractility of the heart, assists in acid-base balance, essential for glucose utilization by the cells |
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Term
| what are the signs of potassium deficiency? |
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Definition
| heart dysrythmias, treatment of diabetic acidosis, losses in tissue catabolism, fluid-electrolyte balance problems (hyper or hypokalemia) |
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Term
| what are the food sources of potassium? |
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Definition
| fruits (bananas, citrus), veggies, legumes, nuts, whole grain, meat. |
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Term
| what are the functions of chloride? |
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Definition
| most abundant ECF anion, maintains ECF osmotic pressure, essential to formations of HCL of gastric secretions, functions in acid- base balance. |
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Term
| what are the signs of chloride deficiency? |
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Definition
| GI loss= loss of chloride, can lead to muscle cramps, acid-base imbalance |
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Term
| what are the food sources of chloride |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the functions of iron? |
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Definition
| hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen transport, cell oxidation |
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Term
| what are the signs of iron deficiency? |
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Definition
| anemia (too little iron), hemochromatosis (too much), increased need in pregnancy and during growth periods |
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Term
| what are the food sources of iron? |
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Definition
| meat, eggs, liver, whole grain and enriched breads, dark green veggies, legumes, nuts |
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Term
| what are the functions of iodine |
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Definition
thyroid function
*regulates BMR* |
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Term
| what are the signs of iodine deficiency? |
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Definition
| goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) cretinism (leading cause of brain damage r/t iodine deficient mothers- mental retardation, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
| what are the food sources of iodine |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the functions of zinc? |
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Definition
| necessary for normal tissue growth, protein sythesis during growth periods, lactation, DNA/RNA metabolism, necessary for normal tissue growth |
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Term
| what are the signs of zinc deficiency? |
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Definition
| dwarfism, arrested gonad development, loss of taste and smell, *delayed wound healing, congential malformations, caused by malabsorptive disease |
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Term
| what are the food sources of zinc |
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Definition
| beef, meats, liver, oysters, seafood, milk, cheese, eggs, whole grains |
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Term
| what are the functions of copper? |
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Definition
| *twin with iron in hemoglobin formation, energy production |
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Term
| what are the signs of copper deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the food sources of copper |
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Definition
| meat, liver, animal sources, seafood, nuts, legumes |
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Term
| what are the functions of fluoride? |
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Definition
| hardens teeth and bones, prevents dental carries, and osteoporosis |
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Term
| what are the signs of fluoride deficiency? |
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Definition
| dental caries, may reduce bone loss in osteoporosis |
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Term
| what are the food soucres of fluoride? |
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Definition
| fish, tea, fluoridated drinking water |
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