Term
|
Definition
| Vision, immunity, reproduction and growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Yellow/orange vegetables, eggs, full fat dairy, liver, dark leafy greens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis(inhibits Vitamin D uptake); birth defects; yellow skin (liver damage). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skin becomes dry and scaly; risk of infectious disease; Blindness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone formation and bone maintenance; Absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus, immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypercalcaemia, atherosclerosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis in adults and Rickets in children. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antioxidant that protects Vitamin A and fatty acids from oxidation; Helps maintain cell membranes; red blood cell integrity. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Interference with Vitamin K absorption leading to hemorrhaging (anti blood clotting). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cell lysis, nerve damage, muscle weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduce effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs like Warfarin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hemorrhaging can occur; Fat malabsorption. |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Function |
|
Definition
| Energy metabolism (Glycolysis and TCA cycle) |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Sources |
|
Definition
| Wholegrains, Legumes, nuts, seeds, pork, tuna |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Deficiency |
|
Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (Alcoholics)
Beriberi: Wet- Cardiovascular Problems, Dry - muscle weakness |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Function |
|
Definition
| Serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism (FAD2 electron carrier). |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Sources |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of membranes (eyes, skin, mouth, GI tract). |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Function |
|
Definition
| Serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism (NADH electron carrier). |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Sources |
|
Definition
| Wholegrains, protein foods |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Toxicity |
|
Definition
Naturally occurring niacin= No harm
Supplementation= Niacin flush can occur |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency |
|
Definition
Pellagra- 3 D's
Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia |
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid Function |
|
Definition
| Part of Coenzyme A (COA). Energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Toxicity |
|
Definition
| No known toxicity. Only adverse effect was diarrhea after extremely high doses (10-20g). |
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|
Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Very rare, burning feet syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Function |
|
Definition
| Energy, protein & urea metabolism, amino acid & nucleic acid synthesis |
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|
Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Sources |
|
Definition
| Protein foods, starchy veg, non-citrus fruits |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Toxicity |
|
Definition
| Irreversible nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Scaly dermatitis, anemia. Alcohol contributes to the destruction of B6. |
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Function |
|
Definition
| Helps make DNA for new cells, B12 activation |
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Function |
|
Definition
| Helps make DNA for new cells, activates folate, protects nerve cells |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency |
|
Definition
| Anaemia, irreversible nerve damage and paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Function |
|
Definition
| Antioxidant that protects against free radicals; Protects tissues from oxidative stress (disease prevention); enhances iron absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve impulse transmission; muscle contractions; Electrolyte balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oedema, hypertension, calcium excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle cramps, loss of appetite, mental apathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps maintain electrolyte balance; major part of hydrochloric acid (HCl). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Table salt, Animal products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rare. Alkalosis, dehydration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principal ion of intracellular fluid; nerve impulse transmission, muscle contractions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unlikely. Hyperkalemia- muscular weakness, vommiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia- fatigue, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhytmias, hypertension, glucose intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone formation; muscle contraction; neurotransmitter release; blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy veg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypercalcemia- constipation, kidney dysfunction, interfere with mineral (iron )absorption, urinary stones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypocalcemia- osteomalacia leading to osteoporosis, muscle spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone and teeth, DNA & RNA component, Energy ATP, phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal products, green veg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcification of non-skeletal tissues (kidneys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis, anxiety, irratibility, irregular breathing. In children, poor bone and teeth development can occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mineralisation of bone and teeth, enzyme function, muscle contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant foods (nuts, legumes, grains, green leafy veg, dark choc), seafood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diarrhoea, nausea, dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle weakness, cramps, confusion, convulsions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen transport (haemoglobin), energy metabolism (ETC), oxidation-reduction reactions, DNA function, brain function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meats, soy products, dried apricots , legumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diarrhoea, rapid heartbeat, fatigue, liver damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaemia, impaired energy metabolism, behavioural changes (Pica), low cold tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of insulin, enzyme function, DNA repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oysters, cheese, protein foods, some grains and veg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper & iron deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poor wound healing, impaired growth, fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypopthyroidism, brain damage (Cretinism), goitre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antioxidant, regulate thyroid production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss and brittleness of hair, fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart Disease (Keshan Disease). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Haemoglobin formation, enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaemia, bone abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cofactor of enzymes that facilitate metabolism; bone formation; Conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuts, wholegrains, leafy veg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in bones and teeth and prevents dental decay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drinking water, tea, seafood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluorosis (pitting and discolourisation) of teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enhances insulin, improves glucose tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes-like symptoms - impaired glucose tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stabilise proteins (disuplhide bridges), part of biotin, thiamin and insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cofactor for several enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone formation, co-factor for several enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuts, wholegrains, leafy greens, tea |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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