Term
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Definition
| Helps maintain good vision (night vision); resistance to infections; helps with growth and repair of body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoporosis(inhibits Vitamin D uptake); birth defects; yellow skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin becomes dry and scaly; risk of infectious disease; Blindness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps with bone formation and bone maintenance; Regulation of absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of stones in soft tissues; hardened blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes insufficiency of Calcium, leading to Osteoporosis in adults and Rickets in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antioxidant that protects Vitamin A and fatty acids from oxidation; Helps maintain cell membranes; red blood cell integrity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interference with Vitamin K absorption leading to hemorrhaging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat malabsorption; Erythrocyte hemolysis; Neuromuscular dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Create factors needed for blood clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs like Warfarin or Coumadin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemorrhaging can occur; Fat malabsorption. |
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Term
| What are fat-soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
| Vitamins that are dissolved into fat and stored in fat for later retrieval and use by the body. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Function |
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Definition
| Energy metabolism (TCA cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
1.2 mg/day men
1.1 mg/day women |
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Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Deficiency |
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Definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (Alcoholics)
Beriberi: Dry- Muscle weakness in arms and legs
Wet- Cardiovascular Problems |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Function |
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Definition
| Serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism (FAD electron carrier). |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) RDA |
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Definition
1.3 mg/day men
1.1 mg/day women |
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Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Inflammation of membranes (eyes, skin, mouth, GI tract). |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Function |
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Definition
| Serves as a coenzyme in energy metabolism (NAD electron carrier). |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally synthesized by tryptophan in the body (60 mg tryp. for 1 mg niacin). RDA is stated in the niacin equivalents (NE). |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Toxicity |
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Definition
Naturally occurring niacin= No harm
Supplementation= Niacin flush can occur |
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Term
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Pellagra- skin changes to a darker color and flakes away. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid Function |
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Definition
| Part of the chemical structure of Coenzyme A (COA). COA is used in the oxidation of pyruvate during the TCA cycle and is used for oxidation of fatty acids for energy. |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) RDA |
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Definition
| AI (5 mg/day both men and women). |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Toxicity |
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Definition
| No known toxicity. Only adverse effect was diarrhea after extremely high doses (10-20g). |
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Term
| Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Very rare and only found in serious cases of malnutrition. Would cause painful burning and tingling sensations in the feet. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Function |
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Definition
| Converted to coenzymes for amino acid metabolism, urea metabolism, conversion of tyrosine to niacin or serotonin, and synthesis of heme nucleic acids. Can be stored in muscle tissue. |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) RDA |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Irreversible nerve damage |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Scaly dermatitis, anemia. Alcohol contributes to the destruction of B6. |
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Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Function |
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Definition
| Primary coenzyme form of THF. THF transfers single-carbon compounds during metabolism, which is important for: DNA synthesis, Conversion of B12 to a conenzyme, and regenerating methionine and homocysteine. |
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Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) RDA |
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Definition
400 ug/day for adults
600 ug/day for pregnant women |
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Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Stomach problems, sleeping problems, skin reactions, and seizures can occur. |
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Term
| Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) Deficiency |
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Definition
| During pregnancy, without proper Folate intake by the mother, a fetus can form a disorder called Spina Bifida. In adults it can cause anemia and GI tract deterioration. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Function |
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Definition
| Used with folic acid in DNA and RNA synthesis, and is used to regenerate methionine and homocysteine. Also used in formation of blood cells. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) RDA |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Muscle weakness, difficulty walking, numbness or tingling in extremities, neurological symptoms. |
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Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Function |
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Definition
| Antioxidant that protects against free radicals; Protects tissues from oxidative stress (disease prevention); enhances iron absorption. |
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Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) RDA |
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Definition
90 mg/day men
75 mg/day women |
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Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Toxicity |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, GI distress, and can interfere with medical regimens. |
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Term
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency |
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Definition
| Scurvy- Gums bleed easily, Capillaries under skin break easily, and psychological symptoms can arise. Death could also occur if not treated. |
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Term
| What are Water-Soluble Vitamins? |
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Definition
| Vitamins that can dissolve in water and are usually not stored by the body (except B6). Excess is eventually excreted through urine. The 8 B-complex vitamins and Vitamin C are all these type of vitamin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inorganic substances used as cofactors by the body and usually used along with vitamins to help enzymes carry out reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve impulse transmission; muscle contractions; Acid-Base regulation; Primary regulator of extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Acute= edema and high blood pressure
Chronic= Hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyponatremia- muscle cramps/spasms, nausea and vomiting, headaches, seizures and coma can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps maintain electrolyte balance; major part of hydrochloric acid (HCl). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Acidosis, muscle spasms and cramps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkalosis, dehydration, loss of appetite, lethargy, muscle weakness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principal ion of intracellular fluid; used in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia- tingling in extremities, muscular weakness, temporary paralysis, and arrythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) which can lead to cardiac arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypokalemia- fatigue, muscular weakness, muscle cramps, kidney stones, glucose intolerance, irregular heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant mineral in body. Bone formation; muscle contraction; neurotransmitter release; hormone release. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hypercalcemia- excessive thirst and urination, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypocalcemia- osteomalacia leading to osteoporosis, numbness in hands and feet, muscle spasms, memory loss and hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| Works with calcium to form the bones and teeth; part of cell membrane; part of DNA and RNA; assists in energy metabolism; part of buffer system. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Can cause calcium uptake to be reduced, blood alkalosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoporosis, anxiety, irratibility, irregular breathing. In children, poor bone and teeth development can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintain bone health, energy metabolism, part of protein making machinery, catalyst in ATP production, blood clotting and supports immune system functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
400 mg/day for men
310 mg/day for women |
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Term
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Definition
| Diarrhea, vomiting, hypotension, difficulty breathing, lethargy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, tingling in extremities, muscle cramps, seizures, arrythmia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin; Cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions; part of electron carriers. |
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Term
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Definition
8 mg/day for men
18 mg/day for women |
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Term
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Definition
| Diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, nausea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia, impaired energy metabolism, behavioral changes (Pica). In adolescents, growth can be impaired as well during puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene expression; cell membranes; immune function; growth and development; synthesis, storage and release of insulin; blood clotting; thyroid hormone function. |
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Term
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Definition
11 mg/day for men
8 mg/day for women |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased copper metabolism, decreased immune functioning, decrease in levels of HDL. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired growth, impaired immune functioning, damage to central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed in the synthesis of thyroid hormone which controls body temp., metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, blood cell production and nerve and muscle function. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interference of thyroid function, formation of goiter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased thyroid hormone production, brain damage (Cretinism). |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of proteins (substituted for sulfur); antioxidant. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss and brittleness of hair, garlic breath odor, nervous system abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart Disease (Keshan Disease). |
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Term
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Definition
| Constituent of enzymes; iron metabolism; protects against oxidative damage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Liver Damage. Wilson's Disease is genetic disorder where copper builds up in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia that cannot be fixed with iron supplementation, low white blood cell count. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cofactor of enzymes that facilitate metabolism; bone formation; Conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound. |
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Term
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Definition
2.3 mg/day for men
1.8 mg/day for women |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired growth, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired reproductive functioning, skeletal abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in bones and teeth and prevents dental decay. |
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Term
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Definition
4 mg/day for men
3 mg/day for women |
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Term
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Definition
| Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive salivating and tearing, sweating, generalized weakness. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; Maintain glucose homeostasis. |
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Term
|
Definition
35 ug/day for men
25 ug/day for women |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes-like symptoms including weight loss, neuropathy, and impaired glucose tolerance. |
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