Term
| Explain why nutritional research found on the Internet may be less reliable than research published in scientific journals. |
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Definition
| Research found on the Internet is considered not authentic and needs further verification when used in a research paper. |
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Term
| What terms describe scientific journals that accept research articles only after other scientists knowledgeable about that area of research have critically reviewed the procedures and results of the submitted studies? |
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Definition
| Peer-reviewed and referred |
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Term
| Which research methodology is best described as a qualitative report of observations on one subject? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research methodology is best described as a qualitative report of observations on more than one subject? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research methodology is best described as an investigation wherein a variable is introduced by the researchers and its effect is recorded while other variables are controlled? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research methodology is best described as one in which subjects are entered into a study at the same time and are followed up at intervals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which research methodology is best described as one in which two groups are exposed sequentially to both control and experimental conditions, but in reverse order to one another (i.e. group 1: control, than experimental and group 2: experimental, then control)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some problems commonly encountered when conducting research? |
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Definition
Appropriate controls were missing.
Subjects and evaluators were not blinded
Treatments were not randomly allocated
Confounding variables were not properly handled |
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Term
| Regarding the quality of a research study, what meant by external validity? |
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Definition
| Generalizability of research results to a population group not studied |
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Term
| What is the term that refers to the accuracy of an instrument used to make the measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the study of research methodology, which term indicates that information was gathered before the event occurred? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the study of research methodology, which term indicates that researchers and participants were both unaware of who was receiving the treatment and the placebo? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the study of research methodology, which term indicates that the study was conducted outside the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the study of research methodology, which term indicates that participants were allocated to treatment groups according to chance? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the study of research methodology, which term indicates that the presence of disease and a risk factor for the disease were measured at the same time |
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Definition
| Case control or cross-sectional study |
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Term
| For determining the glycemic index of foods, what measure of food composition is used to standardize each item tested? |
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Definition
| Tested items are standardized to be equal in carbohydrate weight |
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Term
| On a scale of 1 to 3 (1 being the lowest), list the following food groups according to their typical glycemic index: a) most white and whole grain; b) most potatoes; c) most legumes. |
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Definition
| 1. Most legumes 2. Most white and whole grain breads 3. Most potatoes |
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Term
| How does the insulin response differ when ingesting white bread compared to regular spaghetti? |
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Definition
| Although white bread and regular spaghetti share a similar source of carbohydrate, most glycemic index tables suggest that white bread will have a greater glycemic effect compared to regular spaghetti. |
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Term
| Explain how the glycemic index is converted to the glycemic load. |
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Definition
| Multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate per serving size. |
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Term
| How will changes involving blood levels of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin receptor sensitivity each affect blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
| Insulin – lower blood sugar, glucagons and epinephrine – raise blood sugar, insulin receptor function with determine how much glucose gets into the cell and how high blood sugar is. |
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Term
| What are the potential metabolic events that may occur from consumption of a high glycemic index meal? |
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Definition
Increased serum triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol
Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)
Increased growth of some types of cancers by hyperinsulinemia
Reduced satiety after a meal, earlier return of hunger and increased subsequent food intake |
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Term
| Which type of fiber (soluble or insoluble) is thought to be more helpful in normalizing blood sugar in diabetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of fat that appear to improve insulin sensitivity. |
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Definition
Omega-3 fatty acids
Monounsaturated fat |
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Term
| What two polyunsaturated fatty acids are found primarily in fish oils? |
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Definition
eicosapentaenoic acid
docasahexaenoic acid |
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Term
| Which fatty acid has the n-based structural notation of 20:5 n-3? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fatty acid has the n-based structural notation of 18:3 n-3? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fatty acid has the n-based structural notation of 20:4 n-6? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fatty acid has the n-based structural notation of 18:2 n-6? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which fatty acid has the n-based structural notation of 18:3 n-6? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two enzymes directly responsible for the synthesis of eicosanoids |
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Definition
cyclooxygenase
lipoxygenase |
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Term
| List the three families of eicosanoids. |
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Definition
thromboxanes
leukotrienes
prostaglandins |
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Term
| Where is the most important tissue reservoir for storing 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be made available for eicosanoid synthesis? |
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Definition
| cell membrane phospholipids |
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Term
| What three oils are good sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)? |
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Definition
Evening primrose oil
Borage oil
Black current seed oil |
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Term
| Patients taking what medication require close monitoring when they are also taking fish oil supplements? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 changed in the human diet compared to early human diets, and what specific dietary changes are responsible for this phenomenon? |
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Definition
| The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in the human diet had increased compared to early human diets, due to increased consumption of vegetable oils and a decreased consumption of fish. |
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Term
| Compare the differences between eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid and eicosanoids derived from EPA. |
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Definition
| In general, eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid are more potent inducers of inflammation, blood vessel constriction, and clotting than eicosanoids derived from EPA. |
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Term
| Docasahexaenoic acid appears to be especially crucial for normal development of which TWO tissues in infancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three fatty acids can be directly converted into eicosanoids. One of them is dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid. What are the other two? |
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Definition
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Arachidonic acid |
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Term
| The current recommendation for vitamin E intake (0.6 mg vitamin E per gram dietary PUFA) is based on research examining which fatty acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| The highest Adequate Intake requirements for omega-3 fatty acids have been set for which two life stage groups? |
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Definition
Male adolescents
Male adults |
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Term
| (Men or women) are more efficient in converting ALA into EPA and DHA compared to (men or women) |
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Definition
| Women are more efficient in converting ALA into EPA and DHA compared to men. |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of using cod liver oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids? |
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Definition
| Using cod liver oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids could expose someone to high levels of vitamin A. |
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Term
| What characteristics of fish (age, size, diet) help identify the ones that tend to contain higher levels of environmental contaminants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the evidence for whether fish oil supplements are contaminated with environmental toxins? |
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Definition
| The absence of methylmercury in omega-3 fatty acid supplements can be explained by the fact that mercury accumulates in the muscle, rather than the fat of fish (3). In general, fish body oils contain lower levels of PCBs and other fat-soluble contaminants than fish liver oils. Additionally, fish oils that have been more highly refined and deodorized also contain lower levels of PCBs |
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Term
| What oils are considered important sources of alpha-linolenic acid |
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Definition
| Flaxseeds, walnuts, and their oils are among the richest dietary sources of ALA. Canola oil is also an excellent source of ALA |
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Term
| The Framingham Study, a longitudinal study designed to investigate the distribution of CHD (described in Groff and Gropper), is an example of what type of research? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the differences between retrospective and prospective observational studies |
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Definition
Prospective - Information is gathered before the disease event occurs
Retrospective - Data used for case studies that are often collected from existing records |
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Term
| Describe the features of an experimental study, in contrast to an observational study. |
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Definition
| Experimental - research method uses two or more matched groups in which one serves as the control and the other is exposed to a change |
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Term
| What are the concerns that critics have regarding the low-glycemic index (LGI) diet? |
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Definition
The way that the glycemic index is measured does not resemble the way people eat
Too complex
Leaves room to eat unhealthy foods
Only measures short term effects of high glycemic index foods |
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Term
| List all of the ways hyperinsulinemia contributes to increased heart disease. |
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Definition
High TAG concentration
Low HDL
Increased C-reacted protein – thus high inflammation
High blood sugar
High insulin |
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Term
| What method is considered the most accurate for measuring insulin resistance? |
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Definition
Obesity, especially with a high waist to hip ratio
Hyperlipidemia, especially with high serum triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol
High blood pressure |
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Term
| Identify all of the factors from the clinical and laboratory exam that raise the suspicion of the insulin resistance syndrome. |
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Definition
Elevated plasma insulin
Type 2 Diabetes
Elevated fasting plasma glucose |
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