Term
| What are the effects of dietary fiber? |
|
Definition
| Reduces constipation and hemorrhoid formation, softens stools. Increases bowel motility, thus reducing exposure of gut to carcinogens. Decreases absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol. Increases fecal loss of cholesterol. Delays gastric emptying, generates sensation of fullness. Reduces postprandial blood glucose concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease which occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in calories. Frequently seen after weaning about 1 year of age. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor? |
|
Definition
| Stunted growth, edema, skin lesions, depigmented hair, anorexia, enlarged fatty liver, & decreased plasma(albumin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein. Usually occurs in children <1 year old. When breast milk is supplemented with thin watery gruels of native cereals deficient in protein and calories. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Marasmus? |
|
Definition
| Arrested growth, extreme muscle wasting, weakness, anemia |
|
|
Term
| Estimated Average Requirement is |
|
Definition
| the intake at which the risk of vitamin inadequacy is fifty percent. |
|
|
Term
| Recommended Dietary Allowance is |
|
Definition
| the intake at which the risk of inadequacy is two to three percent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not predictable in relationship with the EAR or RDA. AI is based on an estimate of nutrient intake of healthy people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point where risk of adverse effects begins to increase |
|
|
Term
| Upper Intake level is set for which vitamins? |
|
Definition
| A,C,D,E,niacin,B6, folate and choline |
|
|
Term
| Upper Intake level is set for which minerals? |
|
Definition
| Boron, calcium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, PO4, selenium, and zinc |
|
|
Term
| Supplement/s to help prevent neural tube defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplement/s to help prevent heart disease |
|
Definition
| Folate, vitamins B6,B12,C, E, niacin |
|
|
Term
| Supplement/s to help prevent osteoporosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplement/s to help prevent cancer |
|
Definition
| Beta carotene, selenium, folate, Vitamins B6,B12, C, E, niacin, zinc, iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Involved in release of energy as co-enzymes
2. Do not yield energy themselves
3. Function dependent and independent
4. One vitamin can not substitute for another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascorbic(C), Thiamin(B1), Riboflavin(B2), Niacin(B3), Pantothenic(B5), Pyridoxine(B6), Cobalamin(B12), Folate(B9), Biotin(B7 or H) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retinol,carotenes(A), Cholecalciferol(D), Tocopherols and tocotrienes(E), phylloquinone/menaquinone/menadione(K), Bioflavin extract(P), factor in fresh cabbage juice(U) |
|
|
Term
| The active component of vitamin A is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A may be ingest from |
|
Definition
Animals: dairy, liver, eggs
Plants: dark-green leafy and deep-yellow vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differentiation of cells. Formation of rhodopsin from retinal and opsin. Normal integrity and growth of epithelial cells. Collagen production(teeth, bones, cartilage, tendons, connective tissue), Reproduction. Membrane integrity and function |
|
|
Term
Beta-Carotene + __________ = __________
used in signal transduction |
|
Definition
| Carotene Dioxygenase, Retinaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| Rods and cones are activated when light produces chemical change in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bleaching reaction: Rhodopsin dissociates into__________ and ______. Initiating changes in ionic permeability to produce AP's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of retinene dissociates from opsin, and which form of retinene is bound to opsin? |
|
Definition
all-trans-Retinene = dissociates
11-cis-Retinene |
|
|
Term
| In the dark. Na+ channel is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the dark are any neurotransmitters released? If so, which? |
|
Definition
| Yes, inhibitory neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| In the light. Na+ channel is _______. |
|
Definition
| closed by decline in cGMP |
|
|
Term
| In the light what reactions take place? |
|
Definition
| Loss of Na+ due to closed channel causes rod to become hyperpolarized, inhibiting its release of inhibitory neurotransmitter. This allows the bipolar cells to release excitatory neurotransmitter to stimulate ganglion cell. |
|
|
Term
| Cells are derived from precursors named |
|
Definition
| stem cells or pluripotent cells |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear RAR or RXR receptors |
|
Definition
| regulate which genes are expressed in specific tissues at certain times |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone stimulates transcription of genes with the help of |
|
Definition
| 9-cis-Retinoic acid which binds on the other half of the hormone response element dimer attached to the DNA |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is converted to ___________ then ________ in the _______ for transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption of Vitamin A derivatives occurs in the ________ and requires ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is transported to the ____________ to be stored as ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is transported to tissues via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vitamin A: DRI =______ RDA=______
Upper limit = _______ |
|
Definition
| DRI=2300-3000IU/d RDA=(F)770mcg,(M)900mcg UL=10,000 IU/day |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A deficiency signs/symptoms |
|
Definition
| Night blindness, pale conjunctiva, decreased growth rate in children, poor wound healing, loss of epithelial integrity |
|
|
Term
| Who should not take vitamin A |
|
Definition
1. Pregnant women limit to <5,000IU
2. B-carotene increase risk of lung cancer in high risk groups
3. Alcohol makes vit A toxicity more likely
4. Those taking vit A analog meds (retin-A)
5. Women taking >6,600 IU per day had higher risk of hip fracture than those consuming 1,700 IU per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psoriasis and promyeloctic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A toxicity signs/symptoms |
|
Definition
1. Flakey,itchy,peeling rashes
2. Teratogenic effects
3. Headaches, irritability, alopecia(hair loss), muscle and bone pain
4. Visual problems: blurred vision
5. Risk of hip fractures increased |
|
|
Term
| Exceed 7.5mg Vitamin A per day |
|
Definition
Hypervitaminosis A
-skin dry & pruritic
-hepatomegaly and cirrhosis
-increased intracranial pressure
-teratogenic |
|
|
Term
| RDA of Vitamin A for adults is |
|
Definition
1,000 retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
1 RAE = 1mg retinol, 12mg B-carotene, or 24mg of other carotenoids |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is a _______ soluble ________ hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is ingested as ____________ and ___________. |
|
Definition
| ergocalciferol(D2) cholecalciferol(D3) |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is synthesized from ___________ after sun exposure |
|
Definition
| 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is activated by undergoing __________ in the __________ followed by __________ in the __________. |
|
Definition
| 25-hydroxylation in liver followed by 1-hydroxylation in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Active form of Vitamin D acts on _________ |
|
Definition
| bones, kidneys, and intestine |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D actions include _________ |
|
Definition
1. increase calcium absorption
2. increase bone calcification and reabsorption
3. maintain calcium, phosphate and bone homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Cholecalciferol is converted to ________ in the liver with the enzyme ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25-OH D3 is converted to _________ in the kidneys with the enzyme _________. |
|
Definition
| 1,25-diOH D3 1-Hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What are the regulators of 1-Hydroxylase? |
|
Definition
Inhibit - 1,25-diOH D3 (end product)
Activate - Low PO4 (direct)
- Parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| Osteoporosis risk begins during _______, as peak bone mass is reached __________ |
|
Definition
| adolescence in late adolescence/ early adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Excess intake of soda and other sweetened beverages may replace dairy and lead to |
|
Definition
| a reduction in calcium and vitamin D intake |
|
|
Term
| Teenagers following ____________ or those who may have an ____________ are also at risk for inadequate development of bone mass |
|
Definition
calorie restricted diets
eating disorder |
|
|
Term
| Low levels of physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors contribute to risk of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency leads to |
|
Definition
1. bowing of femurs
2. metaphyseal cupping
3. coarsening of trabecular pattern
4. poorly ossified epiphyseal centers |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D regulates _________ homeostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D regulates calcium by |
|
Definition
1. increases absorption from small intestine
2. reduces excretion of calcium
3. mobilization of calcium from bone |
|
|
Term
| Most regulation of calcium by vitamin D is due to it's role as a __________ |
|
Definition
| hormone. Done through hormone receptor binding to DNA to alter gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Low plasma calcium results in _________ of ________. |
|
Definition
| increase of parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone increases |
|
Definition
1. production of 1,25 diOH D3
2. calcium mobilization from bone
3. renal reabsorption of calcium |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid hormone decreases |
|
Definition
| Renal excretion of calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Calcium mobilization from bone
2. Renal reabsorption of calcium
3. calcium absorption from intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal excretion of calcium |
|
|
Term
| Excess calcium in the bloodstream causes |
|
Definition
1. Blood vessel contraction
2. High blood pressure
3. Calcinosis- calcification of soft tissue |
|
|
Term
| Excess dietary Vitamin D causes |
|
Definition
1. loss of appetite
2. nausea
3. thirst and stupor |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E is a _______ soluble vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tocopherols and tocotrienols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbed with fats via lymphatic system. transported in lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain breaking antioxidant, preventing further auto-oxidation of lipids |
|
|
Term
| LOO* (peroxyl radical) + vitamin E(a-tocopherol) = |
|
Definition
| LOOH (lipid hydroperoxide) + vitamin E radical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. protects cell membranes and tissues from damage by oxidation
2. aids in the formation of red blood cells and use of vitamin K
3. promotes function of healthy circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare, most commonly due to severe malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E dietary sources |
|
Definition
| vegetable oils, nuts, margarine, mayonnaise, wheat germ, olives, and corn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 22 IU/day (1IU = 0.67mg vit E) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unapproved uses for vitamin E |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimer's = 1000 units PO bid
2. Peds: Cystic fibrosis 5-10 units/kg daily |
|
|
Term
| Exceeding 1500 units of natural vit E a day may lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to cardiovascular disease, vitamin E |
|
Definition
| has not shown any benefit, and actually increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or death |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K is ________ soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Co-factor for the synthesis of prothrombin and several other proteins involved in clotting cascade
2. co-factor in gamma-carboxylation of glutamyl residues on osteocalcin and other bone proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| menquinone (K2) synthesized by bacteria in small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
120mcg per day for males
90 mcg per day for females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K role in blood coagulation in the liver |
|
Definition
| Converts precursors of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X to mature clotting factors(y-carboxyglutamyl residue) by addition of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Warfarin inhibits the reaction catalyzed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dark green leafy vegetables and veggy oils
(cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, etc, cereals) |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K deficiency caused by |
|
Definition
1. malabsorption syndrome
2. biliary obstruction
3. oral use of sulfa or antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K deficiency results in (in regards to infants) |
|
Definition
| prolonged clotting time and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K deficiency has been linked with |
|
Definition
1. lower bone mineral density and higher fracture rates
2. women with increased risk of hip fracture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. co-enzyme in energy metabolism and in synthesis of pentoses and NADPH
2. required for nerve conduction
3. aids in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fish, milk, fortified breads, meats, eggs, wheat germ, cereals, nuts, and legumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.2mg/day men
1.1mg/day women |
|
|
Term
| The reversible reaction of Ribose 5-P to Glyceraldehyde 3-P is catalyzed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The irreversible reactions of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA and a-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA are further catalyzed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder caused by Thiamine(B1) deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Beriberi? |
|
Definition
Infantile: tachycardia, vomititing, convulsions, and if untreated, death
Adult: dry skin, irritability, disordered thinking and progressive paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Wernike-Korsakoff Syndrome is |
|
Definition
| a disorder caused by Thiamine(B1) deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Wernike-Korsakoff Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Apathy, loss of memory, horizontal nystagmus, confabulation, ataxia |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Dry Beriberi include |
|
Definition
1. difficulty walking
2. loss of feeling in hands and feet
3. loss of muscle function of lower legs
4. mental confusion/speech difficulties
5. pain
6. nystagmus(strange eye movements)
6. tingling
7. vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Wet Beriberi include |
|
Definition
1. Awakening at night short of breath
2. increased heart rate
3. shortness of breath with activity
4. swelling of lower legs |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy |
|
Definition
1. Confusion
2. Loss of muscle coordination(ataxia)
- leg tremor
3. Vision changes
-abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
-double vision
-eyelid drooping |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome |
|
Definition
1. Inability to form new memories
2. Loss of memory, can be severe
3. Making up stories(confabulation)
4. Hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ has a major role in energy metabolism as the key electron carrier in electron transport chain; fatty acid and amino acid oxidation reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Reactive moiety of FAD/FADH2
2. Key electron carrier in electron transport chain; fatty acid and amino acid oxidation reactions |
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin(B2) deficiency results in |
|
Definition
common but rarely fatal
-dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sources of Riboflavin(B2) |
|
Definition
| cereal, nuts, milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables, and lean meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flavin mononucleotide + ADP |
|
|
Term
| Flavin mononucleotide + ATP = |
|
Definition
| Flavin adenine dinucleotide + PPi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Niacin/nicotinic acid/niacinamide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized de novo from tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Co-enzyme involved in energy metabolism
2. Hydrogen receptor and donor: NAD,NADP,NADH,NADPH
3. Involved in lipid metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meat, fish, eggs, enriched breads, cereals |
|
|
Term
| Niacin(B3) deficiency results in |
|
Definition
| Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male 16mg/day
Female 14mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin(B3) is part of which important electron carrying co-enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized from the amino acid _____________. |
|
Definition
| Niacin(B3) can be synthesized from Tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Niacin causes what? (in regards to circulatory system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological doses of the vitamin ___________ at >2.5 grams per day is effective at lowering LDL, HDL, and TG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? Niacin can be used safely in combination with statins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flushing, itching, headaches, nausea, hyperuricemia, abnormal liver function, hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| Niacin flush is a result of |
|
Definition
| arachidonic acid release by phospholipase A2(prostaglandins) |
|
|
Term
| Niacin flush may be prevented with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin flush test is aberrant in individuals with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B vitamins are _________ soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic acid(B5) plays a central role in __________ in ___________. |
|
Definition
| acyl reactions in metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Panothenic acid(B5) is part of |
|
Definition
| Coenzyme A and Acyl Carrier Protein(ACP) |
|
|
Term
| Sources of Pantothenic acid(B5) |
|
Definition
| Most food products (deficiencies are very rare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pyridoxal Phosphate
(actually 6 compounds including pyridoxin phosphate, pyridoxamine phosphate, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Most B6 in the body is in the form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyridoxal Phosphate(B6) functions |
|
Definition
1. Involved in transamination, deamination, condesation, and decarboxylase rxns
2. terminates the action of steroid hormone receptor binding to DNA (regulates changes in gene expression) |
|
|
Term
| Pyridoxal Phosphate(B6) deficiency |
|
Definition
1.results in increased sensitivity to steroid receptor signaling
2. B6 is used in generation of cystiene from homocysteine
3. ability to terminate steroid hormone action may be important in cancers that involve hormone receptors (i.e. breast cancer)
4.increased need with isoniazid treatment |
|
|
Term
| Pridoxal Phosphate(B6) UL |
|
Definition
>2gm/day
may lead to sensory neuropathy (neurological damage) |
|
|
Term
| B6 catalyzes the reaction of L-homocysteine to___________ and then the following reaction to ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sources of Pyridoxine(B6) |
|
Definition
| beans, legumes, nuts, eggs, meats, fish, breads, and cereals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate(B9) is absorbed in |
|
Definition
| proximal jejunum, it then enters the enterohepatic circulation loosely bound to albumin |
|
|
Term
| Serum _______ levels only reflect recent ingestion, so normal serum levels does not exclude ________ deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. synthesis of normal nucleotides
2. red blood cells in conjuction with B12
3. Thymidine synthesis(DNA)(as coenzyme for thymidylate synthase)
4. amino acid modifications and conversions |
|
|
Term
| Sulfanilamide and its derivatives competitively inhibit the synthesis of __________ in microorganisms and decrease synthesis of nuecleotides needed for replication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methotrexate, a _______ ________ competitively inhibits ____________. |
|
Definition
folic acid analogue
dihydrofolate reductase |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors of Folate(B9) deficiency |
|
Definition
1. Alcoholism
2. Low fruit and vegetable intake
3. Those who avoid all grain products
4. Minorities with low socioeconomic status |
|
|
Term
| Folate deficiency/ folate trapping |
|
Definition
| alters red blood cell production, resulting in enlarged erythrocytes causing macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Microcytic anemia (MCV<80) |
|
Definition
| deficiency in iron, copper, or pyridoxine |
|
|
Term
| Normocytic anemia (MCV80-100) |
|
Definition
| protein-calorie malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| Macrocytic anemia (MCV>100) |
|
Definition
| deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate(B9) |
|
|
Term
| In a vitamin B12 deficiency, the demethylation of methyl THF is prevented, blocking _____________ metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ needs B12 in order to convert homocysteine to methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In B12 deficiency, B12 is not available to accept carbons from methyl-H4 Folate. As a result |
|
Definition
| folate gets trapped as methyl H4 folate, and can’t be regenerated |
|
|
Term
| Folate is supplemented to prevent _________ during pregnancy. Dose? |
|
Definition
Neural tube defects
1mg/day or 4mg/day if family history starting 3 months before pregnancy & throughout first trimester |
|
|
Term
| ________, ________, and ________ function as cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, converting methionine to cysteine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and ______ acid are not recommended to reduce the risk of heart disease or stroke(AHA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is folate's function in preventing neural tube defects? |
|
Definition
| Serves as a co-factor in one-carbon transfers, (nucleic acids and amino acids) and therefore required during periods of rapid growth. |
|
|
Term
| Neural tube defects are thought to result from |
|
Definition
| dietary deficiency of folate and/or genetic defect affecting folate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural tube defect related to folate deficiency in which the neural tube that forms the spinal cord and spine does not close properly, causing damage to the developing spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What are spina bifida symptoms? |
|
Definition
1. paralysis of the nerves below affected area of spine
2. problems related to increased pressure in brain
3. lack of bladder and bowel control
4. some cases severe enough to result in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to folate deficiency, causing neural tube defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serious neural tube defect, related to folate deficiency, in which much of the brain does not develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beans, legumes, citrus fruits and juices, whole grains, dark green leafy vegetables, poultry, pork, shellfish, and liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyancobalamin, methylcobalamin, 5'-deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin |
|
|
Term
| Cyancobalamin(B12) utilization |
|
Definition
| Synthesized by microorganisms and requires intrinsic factor for absorption in ileum. Store in liver |
|
|
Term
| Cyancobalamin(B12) function |
|
Definition
| required for DNA synthesis and hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 in the form _______________ helps catalyze the reaction of Homocysteine to Methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 in the form __________ helps catalyze the reaction of methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 is initially bound to __________, which must be degraded before it can be absorbed in the __________ bound to________. |
|
Definition
cobalaphilin
ileum
intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, milk, and milk products |
|
|
Term
| Ingestion deficiencies of B12 |
|
Definition
Strict vegetarians
Alcoholics |
|
|
Term
| Absorption deficiencies of B12 caused by |
|
Definition
| lack of IF, inflammation of GI tract, removal of part of small intestine, immune disorders of GI epithelia |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
1. Megaloblastic anemia/pernicious anemia
2. Neuropsychiatric symptoms
3. peripheral neuropathy
4. parathesias
5. decreased balance and position sense |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
| Increased serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine (folate deficiency only has increased methylmalonic acid) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of B12 deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascorbic acid, monodehydroascorbate, and dehydroascorbate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. essential for collagen formation
2. antioxidant
3. Increases non-heme iron absorption from small intestine
4. co-factor for the cytochrome P450 enzymes
5. Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase reactions for collagen formation
6. Wound healing |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is __________ soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascorbate(Vit C) aids in the conversion of _________ back to _________. |
|
Definition
| Vitamin E Radical to vitamin E |
|
|
Term
| In the Krebs cycle, Ascorbate(Vit C) aids in the reaction of ___________ to ________. |
|
Definition
| a-Ketoglutarate to succinate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| citrus fruits, dark green vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, over cooking can reduce Vit C |
|
|
Term
| _________ decreases absorption of Vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ depletes levels of Vitamin C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the event of oxalate kidney stones, it is necessary to |
|
Definition
| reduce vitamin C supplementation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male 90mg/day
women 75mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
__________ deficiency causes Scurvy.
What are the symptoms of scurvy? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin C. Bleeding, sore, spongy gums. Loose teeth. Fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, anemia |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C deficiency causes |
|
Definition
1. Scurvy
2. Hyperkeratosis(thickening of skin)
3. Arthalgia (join pain)
4. Impaired wound healing
5. Weakness, fatigue
6. Impaired bone growth in children |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C may have a mild __________ effect and may decrease severity of ______ symptoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biotin, biocytin, carboxybiotin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
Dietary deficiencies in biotin are _______.
Protein in egg whites can ______ absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biotin(vitamin H) deficiency results in |
|
Definition
| impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Biotin(Vitamin H) is _________ soluble. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metal Macrominerals (found in relative high abundance) |
|
Definition
| Calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium |
|
|
Term
| Non-metal Macrominerals (found in relative high abundance) |
|
Definition
| Phosphorous, sulfur, and chlorine |
|
|
Term
| Microminerals (found in low or even trace abundance) |
|
Definition
| iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluorine, nickel, tin, vanadium, silicon, arsenic |
|
|
Term
| Body is _______ to produce required minerals |
|
Definition
unable
they must be ingested |
|
|
Term
| 99% of calcium is found in ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium is _______ to cells, cells sequester free calcium in the ________. |
|
Definition
toxic
endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter release, blood clotting, cardiac function |
|
|
Term
| Calcium absorption occurs primarily in the __________ but also in the ___________ and __________. |
|
Definition
Duodenum
jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of calcium depends on |
|
Definition
| acid conditions, vitamin D levels, estrogen levels, and type of calcium supplement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. bone mineralization
2. cell membrane permeability
3. muscle contractions
4. blood clotting
5. synaptic transmission
6. enzyme activation such as pancreatic lipase |
|
|
Term
Calcium DRI for
1. 9-18 y/o
2. 19-50 y/o
3. >51 y/o |
|
Definition
1. 1300 mg/day
2. 1000 mg/day
3. 1200 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk, yogurt, cheese, orange juice, broccoli, tofu, canned salmon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, oxygen transport and cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male adolescent 12mg, men 10mg
Female premenopausal 15-18mg, postmenopausal 10mg, pregnant 30mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorbed in duodenum via luminal Divalent metal transporter(DMT1) |
|
|
Term
| Iron requires an _________ in order to be converted to ferrous iron, the form that is absorbed. |
|
Definition
| acidic pH (this is achieved via gastric acid) |
|
|
Term
| Significant amounts of the mineral __________ may be lost from the body during GI bleeding, heavy menstruation, and during certain surgical procedures with heavy blood loss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron is transported in the serum bound to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency is prevalent in |
|
Definition
1 Pregnant women who aren't taking supplements
2 Infants and children
3 Menstruating females
4 Older adults |
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency is most frequently caused by |
|
Definition
1 Poor iron intake
2 diet with low bioavailable iron, such as vegetarians or infants not given iron fortified food after six months of age |
|
|
Term
| Principle electrolytes in body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is principle extracellular cation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is principle intracellular cation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most magnesium is found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnesium is critical for |
|
Definition
| nervous system transmission and muscle cell contraction |
|
|
Term
| __________ is not readily absorbed across intestinal epithilia so it tends to draw water out of adjacent tissues by osmosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virtually all ________ in the body is concentrated in the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is required to synthesize thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of iodine results in _________ of the thyroid gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodine is transported into the thyroid cells using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroglobulin + Iodine yields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TG, T3,T4 complex is taken back into the cell from the colloid via __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TG, T3, T4 complex undergoes __________ in the cell to release free T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. synthesis & stabilization of proteins, DNA, and RNA and plays a structural role in ribosomes and membranes
2. necessary for steroid hormone receptor binding to DNA, thus affects gene transcription
3. required for spermatogenesis, fetal growth, and embryonic development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the small intestine by carrier meditated mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Zinc is needed for enzymes like |
|
Definition
| chymotrypsin & alcohol dehyrdogenase |
|
|
Term
| "Zinc fingers" are protein domains which utilize zinc to _____________ |
|
Definition
| stabilize secondary structure |
|
|
Term
| Zinc absorption inhibited by |
|
Definition
| dietary phytate, fiber, oxalate, iron , copper, some drugs including penicillamine, sodium valproate, and ethambutol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male - 15mg
female 12mg +3mg during pregnancy and +4-7mg during lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meat, shellfish, nuts, legumes, grains(less bioavailability though) |
|
|
Term
| Zinc deficiency of less than 70mcg found in |
|
Definition
| diabetes, AIDS, cirrhosis, alcoholism, IBS, malabsorption syndromes and sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 stunted growth in children
2. hypgeusia
3. immunosuppression
4. nightblindness
5. hyponoadism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nausea
2. fever
3. vomiting
4. respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
| 90% of circulating copper is bound to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shellfish, liver, nuts, legumes, bran and organ meats |
|
|
Term
| Copper deficiency (<65mcg/dL) may be found in |
|
Definition
| premature infants fed milk diets |
|
|
Term
| Copper deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
1. hypochromic-normocytic anemia
2. osteopenia
3. depigmentation
4. mental retardation
5. pyschomotor abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Copper deficiency is related to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Menkes kinky hair syndrome |
|
Definition
defect in copper transporting gene
leads to mental retardation, hypocupremia and decreasued ceruloplastm children die within 5 years to aneurysm or cardiac rupture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic anemia
kidney and liver failure and coma |
|
|
Term
| WHO suggests copper intake to be below |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids, and betaine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necessary for membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission, lipid/cholesterol metabolism, transmembrane signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males 550mg
females 425mg
max 3.5g/day |
|
|
Term
| Choline deficiency results in |
|
Definition
| fatty liver with elevated transaminase levels |
|
|
Term
| Choline toxicity results in |
|
Definition
| hypertension, cholinergic sweating, diarrhea, salivation, fishy body odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potentiates the action of insulin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance by increasing insulin receptor-mediated signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yeast, meat, grain products |
|
|
Term
| Chromium deficiency related to |
|
Definition
| glucose intolerance, peripheral neuropathy and confusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of glutathione peroxidase and deiodinase enzymes(thyroxine to triiodothryonine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seafood, meat, and cereals |
|
|
Term
| Selenium deficiencies may worsen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selenium toxicity (selenosis >400mcg/day)results in |
|
Definition
| nausea, vomiting, alopecia, nail changes, perifpheral neuropathy, and fatigue |
|
|
