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| parietal (spatial) = where/how pathway |
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| What did Ungerleider & Mishkin’s lesion studies reveal |
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| That there are separate regions in the brain for object recognition and spatial processing |
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| Objects and Faces (object recognition, face perception) |
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| Complex object recognition |
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| Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) |
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| Located on temporal lobe; selectively responds to just faces, and nothing else (humans, monkeys, smiley faces, etc.) |
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| Fusiform Face Area: Nancy Kanwisher (1997) |
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| This area contains place cells, which can map environment monkeys have been in before, just from electrodes in their brain! |
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| Parahippocampal Place Area |
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| Responds selectively to body parts (not the face) |
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| Cannot recognize faces (damage to FFA) |
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| Failure to recognize objects -- know what they are used for, but not what to call them |
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| can name things, but does not know what they are used for |
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| Gestalt principle; similarities in orientation or apparent connectedness |
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| Gestalt principle; grouping edges than have similar orientation |
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| Gestalt principle; if an edge suddenly stops, we know something is in the way |
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| “Good Figure” or Pragnanz |
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| Infer the simplest figure possible from what you see |
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| Gestalt principle; we group similar things together into sets (based on color, texture, shape, etc.) |
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| Gestalt principle; combining features makes discrimination difficult |
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| Gestalt principle; spacing, location, clusters go together |
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| Parallelism & Symmetry: pop-out effect |
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| Gestalt principle; things that look the same or like two halves of a whole |
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| Gestalt principle; things that are closer together |
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| Gestalt principle; perceptual cues tell us things that are in a common region |
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| Gestalt principle; when two items are linked, they go together |
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| Gestalt principle; Events that occur at the same time are perceived as occurring together (ex. Flashing lights vs. stationary stars) |
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| Gestalt principle; we tend to perceive things that are moving together as being in a group |
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| When we perceive words in the hide and seek picture, it is due to this aspect of perception |
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| Once you see one horse in the hide and seek picture, you see many more. |
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| the ability to differentiate between different stimuli based on textures |
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| Developed by Oliver Selfridge (1957); decision-making by committee |
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| Avoid accidents, honor physics |
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| Beiderman; focuses on geons |
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| Recognition-by-components theory |
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| each geon has its own unique set of NAPs that are relatively consistent across viewpoints |
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| principle of the recognition-by-components model that states that we can rapidly and correctly identify an object if we can perceive its individual geons |
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| Principle of Componential Recovery |
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| Figure is surrounded by ground |
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| have a preferences for things that are below the horizon |
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| when the image projected on our retina misleads us; relative size, discrimination rules, and depth cues are violated |
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| Background and multiple meaningful objects |
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| the thing we are acting upon in a scene |
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| extended area where the action occurs |
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| What did Li Fei-Fei (2007)'s studies reveal? |
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| ~27 ms : Shape and features; no objects yet; ~67 ms: Some object recognition (large objects) and the “gist” of the scene; ~500 ms: Detailed object recognition |
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| Visual persistance of memory |
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| 275 ms of memory (Iconic memory) |
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| Global image feature; nature has textured zones and undulating contours (Beach), city has straight horizontal and vertical lines |
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| global image feature; small, smooth scenes vs. detailed, rough scenes |
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| global image feature; whether a scene has a wide-open horizon or none |
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| Convergence of parallel lines |
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| Global image feature; Suggests the depth of the scene; very fast computation; Very fast computation of information (~500 ms) |
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| global image feature; nature has lots of greens and blacks, cities have steel, grays, reds |
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| preference for horizontals and verticals over other contours |
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| Light from Above Heuristic |
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| make inferences based on how the lighting appears to be coming into the scene |
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| Importance of Potter & Colleagues (1974) |
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| Recognized target with 100 accuracy @ 250 ms |
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| evidence that there are neurons tuned to respond to different types of gestalt grouping heuristics |
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| Neurons in V1 tuned to respond to context; firing rate responded to what was around them |
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| Zapidia & colleges (1995) |
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| Contextual Modulation: the rate of the neuron depends on the context of the stimuli; response of individual cell is modulated by the things that surround it |
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| Surround bar with square = high response; Put a square away from the green bar = low response; suggested that cells in V1 are responding to figure-ground relationships |
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| Wanted to find out what it takes to get a neuron to fire/how to tell whether or not someone has perceived a stimulus |
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| Sheinberg & Logothetis (1997) |
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| Perception (actually attending to the stimuli) can increase the amplitude of the neural (receptor’s) response |
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| ONLY WHAT THEY WERE PERCEIVING WAS CHANGING, NOT WHAT THEY WERE SEEING |
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| Focusing on something while excluding everything else; giving priority to one sense/stimulus while excluding everything else; ex, cocktail party effect |
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| The Spotlight of Attention Model |
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| We are constantly casting our beam out and searching for stuff to focus on our fovea |
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| AKA vigilance; example is an air traffic controller, boat captain, etc. |
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| ex, texting while driving |
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| directing sense organ to a stimulus |
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| attending without directing |
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| Eye pauses to take in information; about 3 per second |
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| Ways for a stimulus to be salient |
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| orientation, color change, knowledge, |
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| Happen when the target shares two or more features with the distractors |
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| Self-terminating serial search – when you find the item you are looking for, you stop looking |
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| If we have to go through multiple features, we have to put them together to decide if they are the target |
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| Feature Integration Theory |
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| Treisman & Colleagues (1996); involves the pre-attentive stage and the directive attention stage |
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| all features are processed in parallel |
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| Direct (focused) attention stage |
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| Relationships among shared features are analyzed/compared |
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| Psychological phenomenon whereby participants involved in a fast visual search will falsely combine features of two objects into one object. For example, after visual presentation of a red B, blue S and green T, a proportion of participants will report seeing a blue B, red S and green T. |
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| Colby & Colleagues (1995) |
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| Monkeys were trained to do a task à flashed a light, found that neurons responded to it; if they trained the monkey to direct its attention toward a stimulus, the firing rate of the neuron was enhanced through attention |
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| The Attentional Blink task |
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| Attentional capacity is limited to measures the speed at which we can capture a stimulus, process it, then re-deploy our attention to catch the next stimulus; when presented with a rapid stream of information, we’re bound to miss something |
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| Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) |
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| Series of stimuli presented rapidly, one at a time; vary the number if items and amount of time between the targets |
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| brain wave that occurs 300 ms after you have seen a stimulus; happens when you see something rare and meaningful |
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| Humans cannot deploy all of our attention to an entire scene at one time |
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| Feature Integration Theory (FIT) |
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| You have to attend to a stimulus to bind the features |
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| apparent motion is created by the precise timing of blinking on-off of a particular light |
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| a smaller stimulus moves in front of a large stimulus, creating the illusion of movement |
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| we have motion sensors that are sensitive to one particular direction; When that direction is repeatedly presented, we stop paying attention to the stimulus |
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