Term
| What percent of LD kids failed Angels and/or Piaget tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If reversal problems persist after 8 yo, there are likely to be problems with _________ skills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is "huge" (according to Laukkanen) with respect to etiological factors contributing to reversals? |
|
Definition
| Eye movement (visual-motor) deficit |
|
|
Term
| What two visual-analysis skills are the last to develop? |
|
Definition
| figure ground and visual closure |
|
|
Term
| Reversals should disappear around age… |
|
Definition
| 7 (Resulting in nearly 0% for 8 year-olds.) |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal reversal tendency compared to age-matched peers may indicate ____________ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "developmental lag" reason for reversals has to do with a persistance of the "________ ________" period of development. |
|
Definition
| object constancy (kids ignore orientation as a key feature for particular symbols) |
|
|
Term
| Our ability to understand directional concepts and organize what is external to the body is our _______-_______ skill. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Up-down/front-back/left-right space concepts related to the body and external object is space are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Writing from right to left is a complication of deficit in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difficulty with rhythmic activities or poor coordination in athletics is indicative of a _________-________ deficit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knowledge of one's own left and right = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Laterality REQUIRES good balance & vestibular function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Preschool age child (3-4 yo) can correctly identify which of the following:
1) front/back on self
2) up/down on self
3) left/right on self |
|
Definition
| 1 and 2 (ie. not left/right on self - that comes around 6-7 yo) |
|
|
Term
| At what age should you expect consistent left/right self-knowledge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 0 |
|
Definition
R/L incomprehension (no awareness that sides are different)
< 6 yo |
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 1 |
|
Definition
Aware that R & L sides of body are different
< 6 yo |
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 1A |
|
Definition
Aware of R & L on self, but inconsistent application
~5.11 yo |
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 1B |
|
Definition
Consistent R & L on self, but not on examiner
~7.2 yo |
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 2 |
|
Definition
Knows that examiner's R & L are reversed from self, but confuses relative position of 3 objects in space
~7.9 yo |
|
|
Term
Stages of laterality:
Stage 3 |
|
Definition
Understands relative R & L of 3 (any number of) objects in space.
~10.11 yo |
|
|
Term
| What test do we use to identify laterality-directionality deficits? |
|
Definition
| Piaget Right-Left Awareness test |
|
|
Term
| These are CRITICAL to good directionality skills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A child who can't move their eyes _________ly and _________ly across letters and words is at risk for word reversals and letter coding problems. |
|
Definition
| sequentially and accurately |
|
|
Term
| How do we read (decipher) strange handwriting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How a letter is scanned is critical to how it is _____ed in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tests measure visual-analysis form perception skills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages by which we have the ability to recognize letters? |
|
Definition
1. Individual features
2. Directional orientation |
|
|
Term
| In order to be able to decode, we have to be able to do what? |
|
Definition
| Identify distinguishing features (of letters) in the first place. |
|
|
Term
| Between "whole word" readers and "phonic word attack" readers, which are likely to get screwed up by reversals more? |
|
Definition
| Phonic word attack readers, since they don't have the visual span of recognizing entire words yet. |
|
|
Term
| Why are optometrists interested in auditory perception and auditory-visual integration? |
|
Definition
| Deficits here are common in poor readers |
|
|
Term
| Subvocalization during reading is indicative of a deficit in _________-________ integration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should optometrists test auditory perception? |
|
Definition
| Because successful VT requires satisfactory levels of auditory processing for comprehension and compliance. |
|
|
Term
| Audio is analyzed in the inf colliculus and medial geniculate nuclei. Their proximity to the (visual) sup colliculus and LGN allows us to draw what conclusion? |
|
Definition
| That there is lots of auditory-visual cross-talk. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 subtests to VADS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VADS discriminates well between what three groups? |
|
Definition
| LD, mentally challenged, and average school children |
|
|
Term
| AVIT assesses ______-______ matching and _______-_______ ability. |
|
Definition
| auditory-visual matching; temporal-spatial ability |
|
|
Term
| AVIT showed little improvement of temporal-spatial ability in LD kids over time, but temporal-spatial ability did improve with who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Morgan, Greenspan, and Barber, which reversals therapy decreased "letter rotation" after VT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Morgan, Greenspan, and Barber, which reversals therapy saw the most success with more error-prone kids as well as younger kids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Morgan, Greenspan, and Barber, which reversals therapy had the greatest impact on patients 7 years old and under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Morgan, Greenspan, and Barber, which reversals therapy was significantly better than an orthoptics-only control group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Morgan, Greenspan, and Barber, which reversals therapy saw better Frostig/Slingerland scores after VT was already administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No matter what orientation I'm in, there is this plane that divides the right & left sides of my body.' refers to what concept? (Not "Laterality") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Tank Commander game trains what deficit? |
|
Definition
| Laterality & Directionality |
|
|
Term
| "Imaginary Pencil" writing allows someone to do what? |
|
Definition
| Memorize which hand is easier to write with (thereby identifying the 'easier' hand as right or left) |
|
|
Term
| After the patient is able to complete the Tank Commander game walking backwards, what can be done (without adding another person) to further increase the challenge? |
|
Definition
| Change the motor demand. (Either signal turns with the leg instead or use dual stick controls to 'control' the tank.) |
|
|
Term
| What's the sheet with all the arrows called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the pdbq test, the patient must discriminate _________s and __________s. |
|
Definition
| "ascenders and decenders" |
|
|
Term
| On the BABO slap-tap sheet, the patient must discriminate spatial location/direction of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two tests are bead skills tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three visual verbal EM tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which test has mixed EM elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which EM test sensitive for concussion testing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the SCCO bead test age normed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ages that are normed for the NSUCO bead test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ages that are normed for the Groffman Visual Tracing test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Groffman VTT measure pursuits? |
|
Definition
| No, fixations and volitional saccades |
|
|
Term
| Does Groffman VTT correlate well with the results of other EM tests? |
|
Definition
| No, so it is thought to be testing slightly different neural pathways/circuits |
|
|
Term
| Which EM test has lots of figure ground interference? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ages that are normed for DEM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does DEM, A-DEM and K-D testing replicate the EM demands of reading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does DEM correlate with oculography of reading EM movements? Is it measuring reading EM? |
|
Definition
| No, and no it does not isolate reading EM because processing speed of the pt must be taken into account |
|
|
Term
| What is the new flowchart for scoring an initially low VERTICAL DEM score? |
|
Definition
Retest vertical 2x;
IF improved, retest Horizontal and recalculate Ratio
If NOT improved, run Attentiona tests, RAN tests and check for language disorder or dyslexia |
|
|
Term
| What is the new flowchart for scoring an initially low HORIZONTAL DEM score? |
|
Definition
Retest vertical 2x;
If HORIZONTAL is still LOW, repeat with tactual support and perform visagraph. Assign proper oculomotor therapy.
If VERTICAL score is still LOW, run Attention tests and RAN tests to determine if a language disorder or dyslexia |
|
|
Term
| Which EM test has really good norms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which test has norms that are slightly skewed due to their Spanish language origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which EM test has norms from the 1950's and 1960's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is important about proper material selection for administering a Visagraph test? |
|
Definition
| Must always do more than one recording with different cognitive loads to 'bracket' their ideal test level |
|
|
Term
| What is the resolution and sampling rate of the Visagraph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the information on a Visagraph readout? |
|
Definition
Fixations/100 words; Avg span of recognition
Regressions/100 words
Fixation duration
Gross and Net reading rates
Directional Attack (% of time eyes are traveling backwards)
Overall relative ability/grade level |
|
|
Term
| How do you access and setup a Visagraph session? |
|
Definition
Username/Password = Vision/Vision
Set goggle PD for near |
|
|
Term
| How do you properly set the reading difficulty for a Visagraph session? |
|
Definition
| Pt must be able to read subject matter aloud fluently |
|
|
Term
| What does pressing 'B' on a Visagraph readout access? Why is this necessary? |
|
Definition
| The raw data before processing; must be accessed to check for clipping |
|
|
Term
| If the readalyzer is not recognizing eye movement, what might be the problem? |
|
Definition
| Recheck PD, but more importantly see if they are wearing glasses w/ an AR coating |
|
|
Term
| In the post-readalyzer quiz, what score must be reached for a valid result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the DEM a better tool than a Visagraph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Perceptual Workups? |
|
Definition
Formal Standardized
Informal, Observational
Dynamic |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Formal Standardized assessment? |
|
Definition
| Analytical procedures are used to administrate a deductive test with stable norms |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Informational Observational assessment? |
|
Definition
Inductive, subjective evaluation of observed pt ability
"quantity vs quality" |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Informal/Observational assessment? |
|
Definition
Organization and automaticity of skills knowledge
i.e. how well do they do under pressure, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Dynamic assessment? |
|
Definition
test-train-retest'
Similar to observational, but stop, train, and immediately retest as you go
Gives insight as rate of improvement and/or learning ability |
|
|
Term
| Which has a greater impact on testing: physical vs pychological considerations? |
|
Definition
| Psychological far more prescient |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'floor' effect? |
|
Definition
| the test must be age/ability level appropriate so that it won't be too easy and lose the interest of the pt |
|
|
Term
| What is the 'ceiling' effect? |
|
Definition
| Do not continue the test past the point they are currently at, lest a series of poor responses lead to frustration with the test. |
|
|
Term
| What are typical difficulties a pt with visual closure deficits? |
|
Definition
incomplete work
ignoring details of visual tasks
poor understanding after looking |
|
|
Term
| What are typical difficulties a pt with visual memory deficits? |
|
Definition
poor spelling
whispering to self while reading
math is difficult
visualizing what is read
recall of visually presented tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visual perception test of:
1. Spatial relationships
2. Visual discrimination
3. Figure-ground
4. Visual closure
5. Visual memory |
|
|
Term
| What is the age range for the MVPT-3 test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the MVPT-3 test rely on motor response? |
|
Definition
| Very minimally, thus good for handicapped, cerebral palsy, ESL |
|
|
Term
| On the MVPT-3, can you administer and score a single subtest? |
|
Definition
| No, must run at least 40 of 65 items |
|
|
Term
| What is the test floor for MVPT-3? |
|
Definition
| Raw score below 10 is not interpretable |
|
|
Term
| At what age does MVPT-3 become reliable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MVPT-3 adept at determining? |
|
Definition
Identifying:
developmentally delayed
head injured
learning-disabled individual |
|
|
Term
| For stroke patients, what MVPT-3 score was highly correlated with a failure to reattain their divers license? |
|
Definition
| expected range of normal for a given age |
|
|
Term
| What is a new feature of MVPT-3 that is useful for TBI pts? |
|
Definition
| Times pt response for each answer, can identify slower than age normed individuals |
|
|
Term
| How is the response time for the MVPT-3 test calculated? |
|
Definition
| Time items 14-40, select first ten correct answers and average time response, compare to percentiled norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to MVPT-3, but only normed for children aged 4-18 years |
|
|
Term
| For the TVPS-3, can you administer and score a single subtest independent of the rest of the test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What additional perceptual areas are tested in TVPS-3 that are not tested in MVPT-3? |
|
Definition
Visual form constancy
Visual sequential memory |
|
|
Term
| On a TVPS-3 score sheet, what is denoted by the gray horizontal band? |
|
Definition
| Expected range of normal for a given age |
|
|
Term
| What else should be recorded when administering the TVPS-3 test? |
|
Definition
| Subjective observation of effort, difficulty with understanding the test/instructions, did they fatigue or give up easily, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of a Scaled Score of 10? |
|
Definition
| It is aligned with the 50th percentile and a Standard Score of 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of a Scaled Score of either 12 or 8? |
|
Definition
| That is 1 SD from the mean of 10 |
|
|
Term
| What is summed when scoring the TVPS-3? |
|
Definition
| scaled scores for all 7 subtests |
|
|
Term
| What 4 steps should the results be converted through for TVPS-3 scoring? |
|
Definition
| scaled score --> standard score --> percentile --> age equivalent |
|
|
Term
| Sequencing index is used in TVPS-3 to test what process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subtest is most starkly contrasted in TVPS-3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Complex Processes Index? |
|
Definition
| Figure ground + visual closure; a more complex and later to develop construct |
|
|
Term
| What is the Basic Processes Index? |
|
Definition
An early perceptual substrate:
Visual Discrimination + Visual Memory + Spatial relationships + Form Constancy |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sequencing Index? |
|
Definition
| TVPS-3 index using only visual-sequential memory scaled score |
|
|
Term
| What is the Complex Processes Index? |
|
Definition
| Add Figure-ground and VIsual closure scores together |
|
|
Term
| What test is correlated with the Berry VMI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a high or low interdependence between subtests in TVPS-3? |
|
Definition
| No, generally .26-.32 indicating each subtest is measuring an isolated item. This indicates good test design. |
|
|
Term
| Do ADD children perform better or worse on TVPS-3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two general conditions are associated with significantly decreased TVPS-3 scores? |
|
Definition
| low birth weight and learning disable |
|
|
Term
| What are common mistakes for administering the MVPT/TVPS tests? |
|
Definition
1. Too many family members in testing area
2. Ensure child is in a properly sized chair: feet touch ground, does NOT spin
3. Have distractable kids point to the answer to help them focus
4. Let child turn the page after answering each item |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts to the DTVP-2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the age norms for DTVP-2? |
|
Definition
| 4-10; Cannot use if child is EQUAL TO or older than 10 |
|
|
Term
| What is 'grandmother of all perceptual tests'? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 areas tested in the DTVP-2? |
|
Definition
1. Eye-hand coordination
2. Position in Space
3. Copying
4. Figure-ground
5. Spatial relations
6. Visual closure
7. Visual-Motor speed
8. Form constancy |
|
|
Term
| What part of the DTVP-2 is timed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways that DTVP-2 results are specified? |
|
Definition
standard score
percentile score
age equivalencies |
|
|
Term
| What are the three composite indices for DTVP-2? |
|
Definition
GVP (general)
MRP (motor-reduced)
VMI (visual-motor integration) |
|
|
Term
| What is the inter-dependence for DTVP-2 subtests? |
|
Definition
| ~0.36, therefore very little inter-dependence. Well designed test. |
|
|
Term
| How reliable is the DTVP-2? |
|
Definition
| >0.93 for all three composite scores, therefore very reliable |
|
|
Term
| Does the DTVP-2 test correlate well with the WISC-R Verbal or WISC-R Perfomrance results? |
|
Definition
| Does not correlate significantly with the Verbal, but does with the Performance |
|
|
Term
| Are perceptual skills linked to motor development? |
|
Definition
| Yes, therefore motor movement is a common emphasis in perceptual training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual Information Processing |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of VIP training? |
|
Definition
remediate perceptual deficits
increase visual subskills necessary for proper educational intervention |
|
|
Term
| What are proper expectations for VIP training? |
|
Definition
Only expect improvements in the specific areas trained
e.g. visual-motor training will not improve reading, but should improve copying skills |
|
|
Term
| In order to successfully improve VIP deficits, what approach may need to be taken? |
|
Definition
| Treating and thus improving all deficits simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| What does Morgan say about efficacy of therapy for reversals? |
|
Definition
| Decreased letter rotation after VT |
|
|
Term
| What does Greenspan say about efficacy of therapy for reversals? |
|
Definition
Significantly better Frostig/Slingerland scores after VT
significantly better than orthopics only
most success with most error prone and younger children |
|
|
Term
| What does Barber say about the efficacy of therapy for reversals? |
|
Definition
| Greatest impact is with gross motor training for directionality for pt's age 7 and under |
|
|
Term
| What VP deficits contribute to a reversal problem? |
|
Definition
Visual-Spatial
Visual-motor (EM)
Visual analysis
Head movements |
|
|
Term
| Should you include a penalty for incorrect responses? |
|
Definition
| yes, improves attention and motivation |
|
|
Term
| What % of poor readers fail Angels or Piagets test? What does that failure indicate? |
|
Definition
| 73.8%; Laterality problems |
|
|
Term
| What class of tests are good predictors of reading difficulties? |
|
Definition
| Tests that detect reversal problems |
|
|
Term
| At what age should reversals be largely absent when reading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of early childhood, if it persists is associated with reading letter reversals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difficulty with rhythmic activities, catching/hitting a ball and poor balance are seen with what VP deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ages are normed for the Piaget Right/Left test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the Piaget test scored? |
|
Definition
| Credit only awarded on sections that are 100% correct; Convert to age equivalency. NO SS or percentile |
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of letter recognition? |
|
Definition
1. individual features
2. directional orientation |
|
|
Term
| How do head movements affect reading? |
|
Definition
| Can interfere with saccadic suppression which can cause reversal problems with small words |
|
|
Term
| What are the ages are normed for the Gardner Reversals test? |
|
Definition
| 5 to 15-7 years/mo of age |
|
|
Term
| Why are auditory tests performed for visual deficits? |
|
Definition
| Auditory problems are highly correlated with visual perception problems |
|
|
Term
| Name the neuroanatomy associated with auditory perception |
|
Definition
| inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nuclei, ascending reticular activation system |
|
|
