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Visual Design (CTE3201)
color, texture, light, and pattern
186
Art/Design
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2009

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Cards

Term
The 4 Determinants of Texture
Definition
Fiber Content (natural, synthetic, manufactured, etc.)

Finishes (chemical or mechanical processes)

Yarn Structure (ply, cord, etc.)

Fabric Structure (woven, knit, etc.)
Term
Texture
Definition
Describes the uniformity or variation of the surface of an object, a description of the actual or implied characteristics of a surface.
Term
Texture
Definition
Every surface has...
Term
Senses Associated with Texture
Definition
Touch
Sight
Sound
Term
Textures React 3 Different Ways (Visual reactions to light)
Definition
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
Term
Transparent
Definition
admit light, details can be seen (clear like a window)
Term
Translucent
Definition
admits light to see silhouettes but NOT details

(etched glass shower)
Term
Opaque
Definition
Reflects or absorbs light
Term
Pattern
Definition
An underlying structure that organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner
Term
3 Aspects of Pattern
Definition
Sources
Interpretation
Arrangement
Term
Natural Sources
Definition
Sources found in nature with interesting proportions and color (example image--> people outside)
Term
Manmade Sources
Definition
Evoke specific memories

(example --> swastika evokes feelings and memories)
Term
Imagination Sources
Definition
Lines and shapes that aren't representative of actual objects

(example --> cartoon)
Term
Symbolism Sources
Definition
Represents something other than an object (an idea, organization, logos, letters, flags, etc.)

(example --> american flag)
Term
4 Ways of Interpretation
Definition
Realistic
Stylized
Abstract
Geometric
Term
Realistic Interpretation
Definition
Objects appear as they are

(example --> image of flowers that looks like real flowers)
Term
Stylized Interpretation
Definition
Natural & manmade objects that appear distorted in some way

(examples --> cartoon man, flowers that look unusual)
Term
Abstract Interpretation
Definition
Nonrepresentational, source is imaginary

(example --> random, curvy lines overlapping straight lines)
Term
Geometric Interpretation
Definition
Stems from the imagination and portrays NO objects

(example --> straight lines going in different directions)
Term
Arrangement (5 different arrangements)
Definition
The distribution of the motif

All Over
4-way
2-way
1-way
Border
Term
All Over Arrangement
Definition
Image/object looks the same from any angle

(example --> weird knot thing, anything that looks the same from EVERY angle)
Term
4-way Arrangement
Definition
Object looks the same from all 90 degree angles

(example --> a solid color square)
Term
2-way Arrangement
Definition
Object looks the same ONLY when turned 180 degrees

(example --> stripes)
Term
1-way Arrangement
Definition
Object can only be viewed normally in one direction

(example --> license plate is obviously upside down)
Term
Border Arrangement
Definition
Motif on the edge looks the same from all angles because it is the same from all angles
Term
Motif
Definition
Unit of design/part of a pattern (have similar size & spacing)
Term
3 Pattern Rules
Definition
1. Interpretations have comparable levels of detail
- If one is flat & simple, one is detailed & dimensional

2. Patterns have at least 1 color in common or the same pattern in different color schemes

3. Color is compatible in all patterns with similar degrees of values & intensity contrasts
Term
Spaced Arrangement
Definition
Self-contained compositions
Term
Hue
Definition
The name of any color as found in its pure state in the spectrum or rainbow; the quality that separates one color from another
Term
Value
Definition
Also known as: tone

The degree of lightness or darkness of a color
- Primary yellow: light
- Primary blue: dark
Term
Intensity
Definition
Also known as: Chroma

The degree of departure of a color from the neutral color of the same value
- More vivid color = increased intensity)
Term
Shade
Definition
Made by adding black to a color -- darker than pure hue
Term
Tint
Definition
Made by adding white to a color -- lighter than the pure hue
Term
Harmony
Definition
Joint effect of 2 or more colors (a pleasing combination)
Term
Complement
Definition
Colors opposite each other on the color wheel

(example --> green is the complement to red)
Term
Analogous
Definition
Colors right next to each other on the color wheel and (possibly) have a color in common; invokes a harmonious feeling

(example --> red, red-purple, purple)
Term
Primary Colors of PIGMENT
Definition
Red
Blue
Yellow
Term
Primary Colors of LIGHT
Definition
Red
Green
Blue
Term
TRUE Primaries
Definition
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
Term
How do you achieve primary colors?
Definition
Red and blue can be made my mixing true primaries
magenta + yellow = red
yellow + cyan = green
Term
How do you achieve secondary colors?
Definition
Orange, purple, and green are made by mixing 2 primary colors from either side of the color wheel
Term
How do you achieve tertiary colors?
Definition
By mixing a primary and a secondary color

(example --> blue violet, yellow green, blue green)
Term
Monochromatic
Definition
The same color in a variety of values
Term
Tint
Definition
Add white
Term
Shade
Definition
Add black
Term
True or false: Value is the lightness or darkness of a color
Definition
True
Term
True or false: A complement harmony would utilize side by side colors on a color wheel
Definition
False; an ANALOGOUS harmony would utilize side by side colors on a color wheel

(A COMPLIMENT harmony would utilize colors opposite each other on the color wheel)
Term
True or false: The hue of a color is made by adding grey
Definition
False; Hue = color
Term
What are the physical effects of color?
Definition
Simultaneous contrast effects on hue, value, and intensity
Term
True or false: An example of simultaneous contrast is when the actual difference in touching colors seems exaggerated.
Definition
True
Term
True or false: Inserting a missing color to emphasize similarities is an example of adaptation.
Definition
True
Term
True or false: Monochromatic backgrounds make it more difficult to pick out colors.
Definition
False; Monochromatic backgrounds make it EASIER to pick out colors
Term
True or false: The opposite of color harmony is referred to as color discord.
Definition
True
Term
Munsell Color Theory
Definition
Some hues are capable of having higher chromas (intensities) than others, so the complete Munsell model is a sphere

(uses math)
Term
Ostwald's Psychological Theory
Definition
Ostwald based his theory on black, white, and 4 psychologically distinct major hues: red, green, yellow, and blue

24 hues in total

Each hue had its own triangular "page" with white at the upper point and black at the lower point
- The pure hue was at the outer point
Term
The points of Ostwald's Theory (upper, lower, outer)
Definition
Upper: white

Lower: black

Outer: pure hue
Term
Kuppers' Combined Theory
Definition
Tried to combine light and pigment on a rhombohedrom model

A "geometric illustration of the law of vision"
- Half sphere w/ steps
Term
Rhombohedron Model
Definition
Used by Kuppers to combine light and pigment
Term
What kind of color does the additive theory apply to?
Definition
The color of LIGHT
Term
What does the additive theory say?
Definition
That adding more hues in the light spectrum lightens values and resulting colors
- Adding all light primaries "adds up to" white
- Remember: Triangle with white in the middle
Term
What type of color does the subtractive theory apply to?
Definition
The color of PIGMENT
Term
What does the subtractive theory say?
Definition
Mixing more hues together absorbs or "subtracts" more light waves so fewer waves are reflected and the color appears darker
Term
In terms of pigment, what is white?
Definition
The absence of all colors
Term
In terms of light, what is white?
Definition
The presence of all colors
Term
What is the opposite of color harmony?
Definition
Color discord
Term
What is a property of light?
Definition
Color
Term
What is a finish?
Definition
A chemical or mechanical treatment on a fabric
Term
Density
Definition
Weight per volume
Term
What is the SOURCE of a pattern?
Definition
Where the inspiration for an image comes from

Can be:

Natural
Manmade
Imagination
Symbolism
Term
What is the INTERPRETATION of a pattern?
Definition
How an image appears and is interpreted by the viewer

Can be:
Realistic
Stylized
Abstract
Geometric
Term
What is the ARRANGEMENT of a pattern?
Definition
How a pattern looks from different perspectives.

Can be:
All over
4-way
2-way
1-way
Border
Spaced
Term
You can combine a pattern if...
Definition
1. Motifs are compatible in subject
2. Motifs have similar size and spacing
3. Interpretations have comparable levels of detail
4. Patterns have at least 1 color in common (or the same pattern in different color schemes)
5. Color is compatible in all patterns with similar degrees of value and intensity contrasts
Term
What is light?
Definition
The electromagnetic energy making things visible
The radian energy from vibrating electrons
Term
What does light provide?
Definition
Illumination and color; it defines line and space, visually revealing the world
Term
Without light there is no _________.
Definition
Visibility
Term
How can we manipulate light?
Definition
Indirectly -- by controlling the surface on which it falls
Term
What is a wavelength?
Definition
The distance between 2 peaks of a light wave
Term
What is frequency?
Definition
The number of wavelengths that pass a point per second
Term
What are the percentages of our perception of light?
Definition
5% direct (visible light rays)
95% indirect (reflected off of objects)
Term
What is illumination?
Definition
The level of illumination (or brightness) depends on the amount of energy radiated (more energy = brighter light)
Term
What do visual effects of light rays depend on?
Definition
Wavelength, frequency, and level of illumination
Term
What are the psychological effects of lightness?
Definition
Lightness is stimulating
Term
What are the psychological effects of darkness?
Definition
the absence of light, "dark ages" (depressing)
Term
What message does light communicate?
Definition
Where we should turn our attention, where we should go.

Light can stimulate the consumption of products and the aesthetic satisfaction of a product or environment
Term
What do surfaces do with light? (3 things)
Definition
Reflect (Mirror)
Absorb (Opaque --> black shirt)
Admit (Transparent --> window)
Term
What type of surfaces reflect light?
Definition
Light colored surfaces
Term
What kind of surfaces absorb light rays?
Definition
Dark colored surfaces
Term
What happens to absorbed light rays?
Definition
They are transformed into heat
Term
Psychological color feelings: reds and oranges
Definition
Feel warm (like the sun or the desert)
Term
Psychological effects of color: blues and greens
Definition
Feel cooler, go well with water and ice (relaxing)
Term
What are the 5 types of light?
Definition
1. Balanced
2. Unbalanced
3. Fluorescent
4. "Cool light"
5. Candlelight
Term
What is balanced light?
Definition
Light containing equal amounts of all visible wavelengths
Term
What is unbalanced white light?
Definition
Light containing all wavelengths in unequal amounts
Term
What is fluorescent light?
Definition
An unbalanced white light containing more green and blue than balanced white light
Term
What is candlelight?
Definition
"Warm light" containing more red, orange, and yellow

Candlelight makes these colors brighter and blues and green duller
Term
What is selective absorption?
Definition
When surface pigments absorb all the color wavelengths except the one that is reflected to the eye. The color that is reflected is the color we see. (We only see the color that is NOT absorbed)
Term
What is accent lighting?
Definition
Lighting that calls attention to specific, small areas or objects. It adds visual impact by highlighting key displays

(example --> a light could focus on a piece of art or a group of plants, making it the focal point)
Term
What is ambient (general) lighting?
Definition
Lighting that serves the practical need for light -- to perform activities. General lighting allows for a clear evaluation of merchandise.
Term
What is perimeter lighting?
Definition
Lighting that creates boundaries of space (like yard lights or wall displays), perimeter lighting adds visual excitement to wall displays and helps establish ambience and define a total space.
Term
True or false: In terms of light, white is the absence of all color.
Definition
False; in terms of light, white is the presence of all color

In terms of PIGMENT, white is the absence of all color
Term
True or false: In terms of pigment, white is the absence of all color.
Definition
True
Term
True or false: A balanced white light contains equal amounts of all visible wavelengths.
Definition
True
Term
Which color theory should a painter be concerned with?
Definition
The SUBTRACTIVE color theory, because it deals with pigments
Term
Which color theory should a photographer be concerned with?
Definition
The ADDITIVE color theory, because it deals with light
Term
What is made when red, blue, and green light are combined?
Definition
White light
Term
True or false: "hue" and "color" can be used interchangeably.
Definition
True; a "hue" refers to the name of the color

(example --> pink, rose, maroon, and crimson are all colors, but their hue is red)
Term
How many basic hues are on the color wheel?
Definition
12
Term
How are the 12 basic hues of the color wheel made?
Definition
By mixing the primary colors (red, blue, and yellow) together
Term
What are the secondary colors?
Definition
Orange (red + yellow)
Green (yellow + blue)
Violet (Blue + red)
Term
How do you make orange?
Definition
This SECONDARY color is made by mixing 2 PRIMARY colors together (Red + Yellow)
Term
How do you make green?
Definition
This SECONDARY color is made my mixing 2 PRIMARY colors (yellow + blue)
Term
How do you make violet?
Definition
This SECONDARY color is made by mixing 2 PRIMARY colors (red + blue) together.
Term
What are tertiary colors?
Definition
Colors made by mixing a primary hue with a secondary hue
(example --> blue-green, red-violet, etc.)
Term
When does an after image occur?
Definition
When you stare at an object of intense color for a while then glance away at something white (a sheet of paper, a wall). You will see the same shape you were looking at, but in a complimentary color (the opposite of what you were first looking at)
Term
When does hue contrast occur?
Definition
When different hues push each other apart on the color wheel towards the compliment of the dominating hue
Term
When do contrasting hues occur?
Definition
When the background pushes the color center towards its complement making them appear alike when they are really different
Term
When does visual acuity occur?
Definition
When the colors allow you to view an image sharper

It's easier to see black on a red background than orange.
It's easier to see orange on a brown background than black.
Term
Monochromatic Color Scheme
Definition
Uses only 1 color that can vary in value (when pure black or white is added, but NOT a different color)
Term
Analogous Color Scheme
Definition
Combines several hues that sit right next to each other on the color wheel (red, red-purple, purple)
Term
Complementary Color Scheme
Definition
Uses colors opposite each other on the color wheel
Term
What is tonality?
Definition
The dominance of a single color or the visual importance of a hue that seems to pervade the whole structure despite the presence of other colors
Term
If a balanced white light falls on a red object, what color do we see?
Definition
We see red because it is the only wavelength NOT absorbed; it is reflected
Term
What surfaces are illuminated in restaurants?
Definition
Horizontal surfaces
Term
What does the effect of light rays depend on?
Definition
The surface
- Specular Reflection (stronger light)
- Diffuse Reflection (weaker light)
Term
What causes actual (tactile) texture?
Definition
The variation (or lack of variation) on a surface that can be felt by the skin
Term
What is implied (visual) texture?
Definition
Texture we can see due to various visual techniques but CANT be physically felt
Term
What does fiber content determine?
Definition
The performance and feel of a fabric
Term
What are some types of chemical finishes?
Definition
sizing, water repellant treatments, teflon
Term
What are some mechanical finishes?
Definition
heat, pressure, curling, napping
Term
How can a product be further manipulated (beyond fiber content, yarn & fabric structure, and finishes)?
Definition
Structural design -- the product can be further manipulated through construction

The choice of structural design will effect texture
Term
What is a determinate surface?
Definition
A surface with an apparent thickness or visual clarity. Sharp, definite, and clear.
Term
What is an indeterminate surface?
Definition
A surface lacking clarity and an apparent visual thickness. They invite the viewer to touch them & confirm or disprove the visual perfection of the surface.
Term
What can increase or decrease the perfection of texture?
Definition
Variation in the amount of light cast on or reflected by a surface
Term
What are the 3 reactions to light?
Definition
Reflect, absorb, transmit
Term
What is density?
Definition
The weight per unit volume (based on the measurement of thickness and fabric weight)
Term
What do cones do?
Definition
Make the eyes sensitive to color.
Term
How many types of cones are there on the retina?
Definition
3
Term
What are the 3 types of cones on the retina? How many of each are there?
Definition
Red Cones -- 64%
Green Cones -- 32%
Blue Cones -- 2%
Term
What do rods do?
Definition
Rods see better in shades than in hues. They are very light sensitive (more so than cones)
Term
What are the rods not good at?
Definition
Discerning color
Term
What do rods see orange-red as?
Definition
A purplish hue
Term
With a red wall and a white light, the wall will appear to be ______
Definition
Red
Term
With a red wall and a red light the wall will appear ___________.
Definition
Red
Term
With a red wall and a magenta light, the wall will appear _________.
Definition
Slightly less vibrant, but still red
Term
With a red wall and a blue light, the wall will appear __________
Definition
DUll & muddy
Term
How many cones are on the retina?
Definition
6 to 7 million
Term
How many rods are on the retina?
Definition
120 million
Term
What are the 10 major hue names of Munsell notation?
Definition
Red (5R), Yellow-Red (5YR), Yellow (5Y), Green-Yellow (5GY), Green (5G), Blue-Green (5BG), Blue (5B), Purple-Blue (5PB), Purple (5P), & Red-Purple (5RP)
Term
What did Munsell want to do with his pigment theory
Definition
To measure & label each dimension with a formula to standardize the language of color
Term
What is wrong with Prang theory?
Definition
It does not analyze all 3 color dimensions in one model
Term
Why are reds, orange, & yellow critical to Prang's pigment theory?
Definition
Because all human skin & hair coloration is derived from them
Term
How many value steps are on the color wheel (to show tints and shades of each hue)?
Definition
9
Term
True or false: Secondary pigments can combine to make primaries
Definition
False; NO other pigments can combine to make primary colors
Term
How many different values are there for each hue in Munsell notation?
Definition
10 (1-10)
Term
What does "0" stand for in Munsell notation?
Definition
pure black
Term
What does "10" stand for in Mundell notation?
Definition
Pure white
Term
What chroma designation is neutral color given?
Definition
/0
Term
What chroma designation is given to most fully saturated colors in Munsell notation?
Definition
/14
Term
What does 5R 6/8 mean?
Definition
This color has a hue of 5R, so it is red. It has a value of 6, which means that it has more black in it than white. It also has a high chroma (intensity) of 8 out of 10. So this is a vivid red color.
Term
Why is the complete Munsell model not a sphere?
Definition
Because some hues can have higher intensities than others
Term
What was Ostwald's phychological theory based on?
Definition
Black, white, & 4 psychologically distinct hues: red, green, yellow, & blue.
Term
What was Ostwald's model for his psychological theory?
Definition
Every hue had a triangular "page" with white at the upper most point, black at the lower point, and the pure hue at the outer point.
Term
What was Kuppers' theory?
Definition
He thought he could combine pigment and light on a rhombohedron model, the "geometric illustration of the law of vision."
Term
What must be true about a pattern's motifs for it to be combined?
Definition
1. Motifs must have compatible subjects that mix well together

2. Motifs must have similar size & spacing

3. Interpretations should have similar levels of detail

4. Patterns must have at least one color in common, or the same pattern in different color schemes

5. Color should be compatible in all patterns with similar degrees of value and intensity contrasts
Term
What does a detailed pattern seem like?
Definition
Elegant and refined
Term
What does a less detailed pattern seem like?
Definition
Casual and louder
Term
What does the effectiveness of a pattern depend on?
Definition
Individual motifs and their relationship to one another
Term
True of false: The more similar motifs are, the more out of place they seem to the whole.
Definition
False; the more similar motifs are, the more they seem to belong together as part of the whole
Term
What distinction must be made to produce a good pattern?
Definition
There must be a size distinction between the foreground and background
Term
In addition to size distinction, what else does a pattern need to have?
Definition
Good composition -- consistent mood among elements

Bright colors compliment sharp lines and shapes

Soft colors compliment wispy curves
Term
What does a motif variety do?
Definition
Draws the eye across the whole design
Term
What is movement, in reference to design?
Definition
A sense of direction and rhythm
Term
What helps to determine movement?
Definition
Flow
Term
What does color need to be compatible in all patterns?
Definition
Similar degrees of values and intensity contrasts
Term
Organization of motifs should be _________
Definition
Pleasing
Term
Pattern can be described as...
Definition
A repeating unit of shape or form OR the "skeleton" that organizes the parts of a composition
Term
What psychological feelings are associated with natural sources?
Definition
Pleasant associations
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