What are the 4 stages in the history of writing?

In the caves at Lascaux, Avignon

They consisted of humans, sun, mon, and animals

They were made with charcoal/soil mixed with animal fat/saliva 

Some of them are pictographs which are *iconic*

Stand for objects, plants, animals 

Egypt

holy engrave= "wrting of the Gods"

used papyrus instead of clay

a mix of pictographs and ideographs

there was hieratic (business) and demotic (everday) 

it had translations in hieroglyphics, greek and demotic

it was translated by Champollion

Tsang Chieh- has 44,000 symbols

The scribes controlled the information, had political power

The lopograms represented the entire word 

it was non-pictorial, purely symbolic

it reduced the power of scribes

more people learned to write afterwards 

the typography became as art

there was symmetry, order, alignment and uniform letters

aesthetics and meaning are joined 

Moveable Metal Type 
Textur Typeface

mimics calligraphy 

typeface- textur

longetivity

design- power, beauty 

used 1,500 letters per hour

hand setting 

automated typsetting

letters cast in lead

melted

re-used

lead slugs took up space

few typefaces used 

typeface without metel

photography, digital

more typefaces

letters cut and pasted up

1984, Macintosh computer

30,000 characters per minute

300 DPI 

type is condensed, expanded

varies by 1 point

repositioned minutely 

BEGIN GRAPHIC DESIGN

what was saul bass known for

movie one-sheets, title sequences

minimal phtographs, move away from star's face, film within a film 

5 Eras of Graphic Design

1. pre-gutenburg

egyptians, greeks

golden mean

aesthetics of symmetry

natural forms, pleasing, systematic 

5 Eras of Graphic Design

2. gutenberg

5 Eras of Graphic Design

3. industrial era

lithogrphy

"writing on stone" 

currier and ives (first paint work)

5 Eras of Graphic Design

4. artistic era

graphic design art styles

technical advances

halftone photo screen process

color lithography

motion picture, tv, computerrr

5 Eras of Graphic Design

5. digital era

computer + high quality laser printers

networking innovations

- more noticed

- greater impact

- better remembered 

1. contrast

2. balance

3. rhythm

4. unity 

**** no design is more important than the message  ***

it means conservative, no-nonsense

lack of contrast= weak design 

it means there is an equal weight on X and Y axis= symmetrical

it's formal, traditional, weighty

stable and dull

proximity

repetition: shapes, colors, lines , values 

stylistic consistency, where the design concept unifies:

repeated elements, related colors, typestyle, themes

The style fits the purpose 

1. utitlitarianism
2. hedomism 
3. golden mean 

greatest good for the greatest #

legible, useful

fame, financial reward

attention for commercial purpose

shocking

personal statement 

it's the middle path

unique path VS purpose 

Cultural Perspectives

Design Trends from Art Movements

cultural perspective

grid design

technology= harmony

objetive, umemtional

geometric approach

- de stijl

- bauhaus 

Art Nouveau

Victorian Era

- reaction to commercialism

- advertisements as beauty

- influence of Japanese Art 

Dada

WWI Reaction

- critical examination of social structue               

- artists outrage: absurdity, asymmetricality 

Total Design

Reaction to tension of Dada

- aimed at middle class consumer

streamlined, sans seirf, curves 

- modern look 

London

- celebration of Pop culture 

- rejects "high art"

- rebellious philosophy of Dada

- beat poets, beatniks

- anti-establishment 

ransom note-like collages

underground

rebellious

anti-money 

"The Style"
Grid

- utopian

post WWI

unemtion- lines, common shapes, primary colors  

** Artist Piet Mondrian **

Bauhaus 

a architectual school found by Walter Gropiusm

a deisgn shop and think tank 

it embraced De Stijl

art + technology= harmony

simple, deffined shapes 

CARTOONS

what is the value of cartoons

it is potent expression for social critique

it reflects concerns of common citizens 

computer animation

tin tin

uique style, circle motif 

the creator of creature comforts 

stop motion animations

EX: wallace and gromit 

Computer generated imagery (CGI)

backgrounds are done seperately and the characters are created with 3D dimension

they critiqued the image being presented

EX: obama and wife as terrorists 

political caricatures

EX: 17th century Louix XIV (France)

lavish clothes VS little old man 

satirical 

drawn images of people with exagerated features

ex: Al Hirschfeld, NYTimes, caricatures of entertainers 

editorial cartoons

were political and controversial

EX: A harlot's progress- showed the living conditions, was a moral lesson, painted by William Hogarth, an English Printshop Owner 

lithography increased published cartoons

Punch Magainse (England) was known for political cartoons 

**Cartoons can reach the illiterate ***

PHOTOGRAPHY

Kerry Skarbakka

created the "struggle to right oneself" series

showed the human condition, CONTROL

how does it feel to fall?

1. took the picture of the mom and baby falling from the fire excape, won the pulitzer prize 

took picture of raising flag at Iwo Jima

won p prize 

took the sudan picture

p prize 

1. social documentarian

2. photo journalist

3. portaitist

4. artist

5. landscapist 

what is heliography

who took it

it is "sun writing"

Joseph Niepce took the first photo

8 hr exposure 

very griny

out of focus 

Louis Daguerre created it

used copper plate

30 minute exposue

detailed, one-of-a-kind

took civil war photos

"dead union soldier" 

a dry process to take a picture

exposure 1/1000 sec

motion picture film

allowed for amateur photography

started modern photojournalism

- used available light on the spot

- took candid street photography 

Muckraker Journalist 

Was also a police reporter for the NYC slums, a social reformer

Used flash- pics taken in dark places 

part of the national child labor committee

he exposed working conditions by posing as an equipment inspector 

showed human contribution to industry

EX: worker using wrench on metal circle 

EX: Empire state building lunch   

took "migrant mother"

documented rural and urban life in 1930's and 1940's 

took 6 exposures in 10 mins

was criticized for stage managing

her work inspired Steinbeck's "Grapes of Wrath"

diane arbus

"chronicler of freaks"

portraitist

unmasked her subjects

moments of transition

alienation

truth

EX: creepy girls from the shining

conceptual portraits

photographed herself, NOT autobiography

Her themes included film stills, centerfolds and historical portraits 

documentary photographer/artist

captured The Human condition: Cultural Identity In a Domestic Place 

Ex: From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried

-

breating fresh life into african american history 

lens

wide angle

lens

normal

lens

telephoto

Cinematographer

used high contrast lighting--> chiaroscuro lighting

used maximum depth of field

worked for Thomas Edison

invented Kinetograph camera

later on incented kinetoscope projector/viewe

-->

made the first film: Fred Ott's Sneeze

Film Studio made by Edison

-lit by the sun

- revolved

william dickson did an early sound experiment of "2 men dancing" there 

cinematographe

created the first documentary, "Workers leaving the factory"

Founder of special effects

created surreal films

EX: A Trip To The Moon

worked for Edison as a filmmaker

made 'Great Train Robbery"

most influential filmaker at the time

-- picture of cowboy shooting gun at screen 

dziga vertov

he made a silent russian documentary called 'Odessa'

editing stylw

special effects

self reflexivity

split screens

stop-motion

superimposition

City of God

By who?
About what?
When?
From what point of view? 

By Fernando Meirelles

A shocking urban tale about violence, poverty and gangs

It skips around in time

It has the point of view of a photographer, with close-ups and cross-cutting 

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

By who?

What theme?

What style?

By Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman

Themes of Memory

Multiple styles

Gondry favors camera ticks ( like melies )

who created the sketchpad

what are 3 points about it

Ivan Sutherland

it was a computer drawing program

- graphical user interface (GUI)

-light pen

- object- oriented 

he created the 1st computer generted motion picture

stimulated trip around the earth

out of satellite still photos

1st hollywood film

screen computer graphic effects