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| Control sensations from the head, muscles movements in the head and much of the parasymapthetic output to the organs. |
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| Control of eye movements; pupil contriction |
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| skin sensations for most of the face; control of jaw muscles for chewing and swallowing |
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| taste from the first 2/3 of the tongue; control of facial expressions, crying salvation, and dilation of the heads blood vessels |
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| taste and other sensations from the throat and back 1/3 of the tongue; control of swallowin salivation, throat movements, during speech |
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| sensations from neck and thorax; control of throat, esophagus, and larynx; parasymapathetic |
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| control of the neck and shoulder movements |
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| control of muscles of the tongue |
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| law of specific nerve energies |
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| impulses in one neuron indicate light, whereas impulses in another neuron indicate sound |
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| opening in the center of the iris; where light enters |
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| rear surface of the eye; lined with visual receptors |
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| located closer to the center of the eye; sends messages to ganglion cells |
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| located closer to the center of the eye; join together and travel back to the brain |
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| exits through the back of the eye; bundle of axons that travel from the ganglion cells of the retina to the back of the eye |
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| a tiny specialized area for acute detailed vision on the central portion of your retina |
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| better sensitivity to detail |
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| bett sensitivity to dim light |
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| receptor, abundant in or near the fovea; less active in dim light; essential for color vision |
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| abundant in or near the fovea, less active in dim light, more useful in bright light and essential for color vision |
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| chemicals that release energy when struck by light |
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| trichromatic (Young-Hemoltz) Theory |
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| we perceive color through the relative rates of response br three kinds of cones each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wave lengths |
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| we perceive color in terms of opposites; red-green; yellow-blue |
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| negative color after image |
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| a replacement of the red you had been staring at w/ gree |
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| the part of the world that you see |
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| the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determines the brightness and color of each area |
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| the ability to recognize colors depite changes in lighting |
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| receives input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells |
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| where bipolar cells make synapses |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus |
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| part of the thalamus where most ganglions cell axons go |
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| part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it; the point in space from which light strikes the cell |
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| small cell bodies/ small receptive fields - mostly in or near the fovea |
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| larger cell bodies and receptive fields distributed evenly throughout the retins |
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| small cell bodies found throughout the retina |
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| where most information from the lateral geniculate nucleus goes responsible for conscious vision, visual imagery, visual images in dreams responding to light |
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| process the info further and transmits it to additional areas |
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| "what" pathway; indentifying and recognizing objects |
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| visual path in the parietal cortex |
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| an inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision |
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| inability to recognize faces |
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| people w/ damage to area MT, able to see objects but impaired at seeing whether they are moving or not or which direction and how fast |
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| an ability to respond to visual information that they report not seeing |
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| built in face recognition, like faces upright |
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| sensation related to amplitude but not identical to it |
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| number of compressions/sec |
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| the related aspect of perception; higher frequency=higher ______ |
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| familiar structure of flesh and cartlidge attached to each side of the head |
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| eardrum in the middle ear; vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it |
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| a membrane of the inner ear |
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| a structure in the inner ear containing auditory receptors |
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| auditory receptors between basilar membrane of the cochlea and the tectorial membrane on the other |
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| the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency |
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| the basilar membrane vibrates in synch w/ a sounds causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials @ the same frequency |
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| the auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 4000/second |
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| middle ear does no transmit soundwaves properly to the cochlea |
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| someone hears certain frequencies and not others |
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| frequent or constant ringing in the ears |
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| area of the skin connected to a specific spinal nerve |
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| the experience evoked by a harmful stimulus directs our attention towards danger and holds our attention |
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| released in both mild and strong pain |
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| released during strong pain |
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| spinal cord neurons that receive... |
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| the transmitters that attach to the same receptors as morphine |
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| where the receptors are found that opiates bind to |
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| a chemical found in hot peppers such as jalapenos |
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| each receptor would respond to a limited range of stimuli and the meaning would depend entirely on which neurons are active |
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| across-fiber pattern principle |
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| each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little in comparison to what other axons are doing |
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| structure on surface of tongue containing taste buds |
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| reduced response to one taste after absorbtion of others |
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| the fatigue of receptors sensitive to sour taste |
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| sense of smell; the response to chemicals that contact that membranes inside the nose |
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| responsible for smell and line the olfactory epethilium in the rear of the nasal passages |
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| chemicals released by an anumal that affect the behavior of other members of the same species; especially sexually |
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| a set of receptors located near, but seperate from, the olfactory receptors; responds only to pheremones |
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| the experience of one sense in response to stimulation of a different sense; 1/500 people affected |
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| temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range |
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| a single value the body works to maintain |
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| processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point |
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| the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest |
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| body temperature matches that temp of their environment |
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| uses physiological mechanisms to maintin a nearly constant body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the environment |
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| brain area important for temperature control is located anterior to the anterior hypothalamus |
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| attack the bacteria, viruses ect,..; also stimulate the vagus nerve which sends signals to the hypothalamus to release fever reducing chemicals |
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| a hormone released by the pituitary gland; raises blodd pressure by constricting the blood vessels |
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| too much salt not enough water |
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| the tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to an area of higher concentration |
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| an area important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood |
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| supraoptic nucleus & paraventicular nucleus |
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| controls the rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin |
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| constricts blood vessels compensating for the drop in blood pressure |
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| enhanced preference for salty tastes during a period of sodium deficiencies |
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| hormone produced in adrenal glands that causes the kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to retain salt |
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| conditioned taste aversion |
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| not wanting a food item because you associate it with illness |
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| conveys information about the stretching of the stomach, first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients |
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| an important source of energy throughout the body and nearly the only fuel used by the brain |
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| stimulates the liver to convert some of its stored glycogen yo glucose to replenish low supplies in the blood |
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| peptide released by fat cells; tends to decrease appetite partly by decreasing the release of neuropeptide Y |
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| a set of neurons sensitive to hunger signals and a set sensitive to satiety |
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| released by stomach to cause stomach contractions |
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| inhibits the lateral hypothalamus |
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| ventromedial hypothalamus |
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| leads to over eating and weight gain |
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| unwilling to eat as much as the need |
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| extreme dieting alternated with binge eating; purging also happens |
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