Term
| Are viruses capable of living without a host? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do they contain that makes them able to live once they infect a host? |
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Definition
| All the info necesarry to direct metabolic processes (DNA/RNA) |
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Term
| What are viruses classified as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Viruses interact and infect specific cells |
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Term
| Are there cells in the body that are not succeptible to viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ infected by a reproducing virus will ultimately die. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common symptoms of viral infections? |
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Definition
| Rash, fever, muscle aches, respiratory involvement and swollen lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are zoonotic viruses? |
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Definition
| Viruses carried by animals. |
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Term
| Many viruses take up _______ _______ in the host and alternate between ______ and ______ stages. |
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Definition
| permenant residence/active/latent |
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Term
| Are infants of infected mother's succeptible to viruses before or after birth or both? |
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Definition
| BOTH. Viruses can cross the placenta. RUBELLA CAN KILL FETUS> |
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Term
| What is the general structure of a virus? |
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Definition
| RNA or DNA with a protein coat |
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Term
| What is the size of a virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many viruses could fit into an average bacterial cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a capsid? Is it on all viruses? |
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Definition
| The outer shell of a virus. YES. |
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Term
| What is the capsid made of? |
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Definition
| Repeating structures known as capsomeres. |
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Term
| What are capsomeres composed of? |
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Definition
| Small clusters of proteins. |
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Term
| What are the three common shapes of viruses? |
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Definition
1.)Helical
2.)Polyhedral
3.)Complex |
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Term
| What are helical viruses? |
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Definition
| Composed of rod shaped capsomeres arranged into hollow disks. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS. |
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Term
| What are polyhedral viruses? |
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Definition
| Capsomeres arranged into equilateral triangles that fit together to form a spherical structure. ADENOVIRUS & CORONAVIRUS |
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Term
| What are complex viruses? |
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Definition
| Have polyhedral head, helical tail and attachment fibers. ONLY IN BACTERIOPHAGE. |
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Term
| How many viruses have viral envelopes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the viral envelope surround? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the viral envelope created from? |
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Definition
| Portions of the host cell's membrane |
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Term
| What is the viral envelope composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| A "naked virus" is one that does not have a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a naked cell more durable than a non-naked? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the host cell's membrane replaced with? |
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Definition
| Portions of viral proteins |
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Term
| What connects the envelope to the capsid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Viral proteins that protrude from the surface of a protein |
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Term
| What do viral spikes aid in? |
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Definition
| The attachment of the virus to a NEW host cell |
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Term
| What are the three functions of the capsid/envelope? |
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Definition
1.)Protects the virus from enzymes
2.)Helps facilitate movement of viral DNA/RNA into host cell
3.)Attachment |
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Term
| Are nucleic acids found in all viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One or the other, CANNOT BE BOTH |
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Term
| DNA can be _____-stranded or single-stranded or ______ or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is human viruses circular or linear? |
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Definition
| Linear. So Circular are bacterial. |
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Term
| RNA is always ______ & ______-______. Rare cases of ______-______. |
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Definition
| Linear/double-stranded. Single-stranded |
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Term
| What do nucleic acids do once they invade a host cell? |
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Definition
| Direct the actions of the host cell. |
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Term
| What are viruses sometimes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 enzymes carried by viruses? |
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Definition
| DNA/RNA polymerase, digestive enzymes, endonucleases |
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Term
| What does DNA/RNA polymerase do? |
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Definition
| Direct the duplication of DNA/RNA in the host. |
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Term
| What do digestive enzymes do? |
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Definition
| Digest the host cell's DNA, RNA and/or proteins |
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Term
| What do Endonucleases do? |
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Definition
| Cut host cells DNA to allow insertion of viral DNA. |
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Term
| What are the two models of viral multiplication? |
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Definition
| 1.)Bacteriophage 2.)Animal Virus Model |
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Term
| What are the steps for Bacteriophage Multiplaction? |
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Definition
1.)Adsorption
2.)Penetration
3.)Replication
4.)Assembly
5.)Release |
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Term
| What happens during the adsorption phase? |
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Definition
| The coming together of the virus and host cell. Occurs on the cell wall, pili or flagella. |
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Term
| What happens during the penetration phase? |
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Definition
| The phage pushes an inner tube through the cell wall and injects its nucleic acid into the host. |
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Term
| Does the entire virus enter during this step> |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the replication phase? |
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Definition
| The viral nucleic acid starts shutting down the host cell's metabolism and then directs the host's machinery to produce new viral components |
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Term
| What happens during the assembly phase? |
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Definition
| The viral components spontaneously assemble into new bacteriophages. |
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Term
| What happens during the release phase? |
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Definition
| The host cell explodes releasing the viruses. |
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Term
| What are the 5 steps of the Animal Virus Model? |
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Definition
1.)Adsorption
2.)Penetration
3.)Uncoating
4.)Replication & Assembly
5.)Release |
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Term
| What is the only 2 differences between the AVM and the Bacteriophage model? |
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Definition
In AVM, Penetration = THE ENTIRE VIRUS
Release = BUDDING/EXOCYTOSIS NO
LYSES |
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Term
| How are viruses classified further? |
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Definition
| By routes of transmission |
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Term
| What are enteric viruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are respiratory viruses? |
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Definition
| Inhaled with droplets then multiply within respiratory tract. |
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Term
| What are zoonotic viruses? |
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Definition
| Animal to human transmission |
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Term
| What are Sexually Transmitted viruses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are families and genera named? |
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Definition
fam - viridae
gen - virus |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of DNA viruses that infect vertebrates? |
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Definition
1.)Adenoviridae
2.)Poxviridae
3.)Herpesviridae
4.)Papillomaviridae
5.)Hepandnaviridae |
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Term
| What does the adenoviridae cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the poxviridae cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 4 viruses are apart of the Herpesviridae family? |
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Definition
1.)Herpes Simplex I - coldsores
2.)Herpes Simplex 2 - genital warts
3.)Varcinella-Zoster Virus - chickenpox and shingles.
4.)Epstein-Barr Virus - Mono |
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Term
| What family is Human papillomavirus apart of and what does it cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What family is hepatitis b apart of and what organ does it affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 11 families of RNA viruses infecting vertebrates? |
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Definition
1. Piconaviridae
2. Orthomyxoviridae
3. Paramyxoviridae
4. Togaviridae
5. Rhabdoviridae
6. Filovivirdae
7. Bunyaviridae
8. Retroviridae
9. Coronavirdae
10. Calciviridae
11. Flaviviridae |
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Term
| What family does Poliovirus, Rhinoviruses, and Hepatitis A Virus belong to and what do they cause? |
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Definition
| Piconaviridae. polio, common cold, least severe hepatitis. |
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Term
| What does the orthomyxoviridae family cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the paramyxoviridae family cause? |
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Definition
Paramyxovirus - mumps
Rubeola - Measels |
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Term
| What does the Togaviridae family cause? |
|
Definition
| Rubella virus (Rubella = german measels) |
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Term
| What does the Rhabdoviridae family cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Filovivirdae family cause? |
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Definition
| Ebola and Marburg viruses |
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Term
| What does Bunyaviridae family cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Retroviridae family cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Coronaviridae cause? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Calciviridae cause? |
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Definition
| Norovirus (Norwalk virus) |
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Term
| What does Flaviviridae cause? |
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Definition
| Heptatis C and Yellow fever. |
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Term
| What are 5 ways of detecting viral infections? |
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Definition
1.)Examination of symptoms
2.)Detection of cytopathic changes
3.)Detection of viral DNA/RNA in host cells
4.)Isolation and culturing
5.)Detection of antibodies created in reaction to a virus |
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Term
| What do you look for when searching for cytopathic changes? |
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Definition
1.)Virus induced damage to the cell
a.)Inclusion bodies
I.)Compacted masses of new viruses
or damaged cell organelles. |
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Term
| When treating a viral infection, do you treat the infection or symptoms? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are antibiotics effective against viral infections? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do antiviral drugs aim to block? Do they cause adverse side effects? |
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Definition
| Viral replication by disrupting host cell structure/function. Yes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A body's natural defense against viruses |
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Term
| What is an interferon produced by? What does it protect? |
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Definition
| A virus-infected cell. Neighboring cells. |
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|
Term
| What are the 6 ways antiviral drugs work? |
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Definition
1.)Inhibit viral penetration/uncoating
2.)Inhibit neuraminidase
3.)Inhibit viral DNA polymerase
4.)Inhibit viral reverse transcriptase
5.)Inhibit viral protein synthesis
6.)Inhibit viral RNA polymerase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| viral penetration/uncoating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acyclovir or Valcyclovir inhibits... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of proteinaceous infectious agents that have been linked to a number of slow-progressing, fatal diseases of the CNS in humans and animals. |
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Term
| All diseases result in... |
|
Definition
| brain function degeneration. |
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|
Term
| What are prion diseases known as? |
|
Definition
| Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies |
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|
Term
| What do prion diseases result from? |
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Definition
| The death of neurons and formation of spongelike holes in the brain. |
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|
Term
| What is a prion composed of? |
|
Definition
| ONLY PROTEIN. NO NUCLEIC ACID. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We have prions in our brains as a protein already. T or F |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the prion protein acquired? |
|
Definition
| Injesting infected CNS cells (meat products) |
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|
Term
| Once infected, what does a prion cause? |
|
Definition
| A mutation of the normal protein's tertiary structure which fucks up function. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Creutzfeldt Jakob disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Mad Cow Disease/BSE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chronic wasting disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are prions destroyed by? |
|
Definition
| Chemicals that denature proteins and heat so it is possible to cook it out of meat products. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of a single stranded circular RNA molecule with NO PROTEIN COAT |
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Term
|
Definition
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