Term
| inflammation of pia mater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of viral meningitis |
|
Definition
fecal-oral route
hand-to-mouth contact
cough (less common)
contact with fecal matter |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for viral meningitis |
|
Definition
-exposure to someone with a recent viral infection
-exposure to children in a day care setting
-being a health care worker
-having a suppressed immune system |
|
|
Term
| illness characterized by headache, fever, and inflammation of the meninges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of aspetic meningitis |
|
Definition
-virus
-fungi
-tuberculosis
-some medications/infections near the brain/spinal cord (epidural abscess) |
|
|
Term
HIV spreads via the ____________ route.
Rabies, polio, and herpesviruses spread through _________ route. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major reservoir for West Nile virus (WNV) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vector for West Nile virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does West Nile virus cause? |
|
Definition
aseptic meningitis
usually self-limiting, but may cause encephalitis in elderly and immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| West Nile virus is related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most efficient diagnostic method for West Nile virus? |
|
Definition
detection of IgM antibody to WNV in serum collected within 8-14 days of illness onset or CSF collected within 8 days of illness onset
using MAC-ELISA |
|
|
Term
| Why does the presence of IgM antibody to WNV in CSF strongly suggest central nervous system infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of West Nile virus |
|
Definition
fever, headache, rash, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting
uncommonly: encephalitis with limb paralysis, tremors, altered mental status, focal neurologic findings |
|
|
Term
| What is a common breeding site for mosquitoes? |
|
Definition
| stagnant water in foreclosed pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common wild animals infected with rabies in the US? |
|
Definition
raccoons
then skunks, foxes, bats, coyotes |
|
|
Term
| What animals are the most common animals responsible for the transmission of human rabies in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common domestic animals with rabies in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common domestic rabid animals worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common source of rabies transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of transmission typically occurs with rabid bats? |
|
Definition
| inhalation of bat secretions in the air of a cave |
|
|
Term
| average incubation period for rabies in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of rabies in humans |
|
Definition
pain, tingling, itching shooting form the bite site
fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, irritability
high fever, confusion, agitation, seizures, coma
hydrophobia, aerophobia |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods of rabies diagnosis in animals and humans |
|
Definition
-histopathology--Negri bodies in tissue
-virus cultivation
-serology
-virus antigen detection |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic feature for rabies in a histopathological test? |
|
Definition
| Negri bodies in the tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the most useful method for the diagnosis of rabies in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission of rhinoviruses |
|
Definition
aerosols
fomites (hands, other forms of direct contact) |
|
|
Term
| Why do rhinoviruses not spread to the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| replicate best at a few degrees below normal body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by the subglottic region becoming narrower which results in difficulty with breathing, a seal bark-like cough, and hoarseness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does croup most often occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease shows a characteristic "steeple sign" on x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of parainfluenza is the most common cause of croup? |
|
Definition
| human parainfluenza virus 1 (HPIV-1) |
|
|
Term
| Prions have no capacity for ________ ________ or ______ _______. |
|
Definition
| energy generation; protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are treatments for prion infections aimed at? |
|
Definition
| destroying PrP (prion protein) |
|
|
Term
| family of rare progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals |
|
Definition
| transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-long incubation periods
-spongiform changes associated with neuronal loss
-failure to induce inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of TSEs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal transmissible agent that is able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prion diseases are usually rapidly ________ and always _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prion disease of sheep characterized by behavioral changes, tremor, ataxia, wasting, and death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)? |
|
Definition
| bone meal from scrapie-infected sheep is in cattle feed |
|
|
Term
| prion disease of man that causes tremors, ataxia, and often dementia and was transmitted via cannibalism in New Guinea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is classic CJD believed to occur? |
|
Definition
sporadically
caused by the spontaneous transformation of normal prion proteins into abnormal prions
can be familial (genetic) or acquired by infections |
|
|
Term
| Patients who have familial CJD inherit mutations of the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about the prion protein (PrP) in diseased tissue? |
|
Definition
| protease-resistant form (PrPsc) with alot of beta-pleated sheets accumulates as amyloid plaques |
|
|
Term
| How can classic CJD be transmitted? |
|
Definition
iatrogenically
(cornea transplants, dura mater transplants, use of improperly sterilized equipment in neurosurgery, human cadaver GH administration) |
|
|
Term
| What is variant CJD (vCJD) associated with? |
|
Definition
|
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