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| something new in the dna and rna |
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| neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic |
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| genome - double and single stranded rna and dna - linear and circular strands - 4 to several 100 genes - capsid is protein coat |
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| composed of smaller protein subunits called capsomeres |
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| surrounds capsid - composed of cell membran of host cell w/ proteins and glycoproteins of the virus - aids in infecting the cell |
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| obligate intracellular parasites, host range, viral genome, replication, new virus |
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| obligate intracellular parasites |
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| can only reproduce inside a host cell |
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| hosts which a particular virus can infect. viral coat fits into the cell membrane of the host by lock and key method |
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| viral genome in replication |
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| enters the host cell and the capsid is degraded |
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| uses host cells machinery to replicate its nucleic acid (replication) and produce capsid proteins (trasncription and translation) |
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| enzyme of replication - dna polymerase of host cell |
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| enzyme of replication - rna replicase and reverse transcriptase |
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| ***reverse transcriptase*** |
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| uses viral rna as template to make dna (cdna) - host cell machinery used in cdna for transcription of viral genome and transcription + translation of capsid protein |
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| host cell is killed by lysis - releases new viruses |
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| viral genome is replicated w/o killing the host cell - it is inserted |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| viral dna inserted into host dna |
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| binds to specific receptors on the host cell membrane |
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| transport glycoproteins to the cell membrane where they cluster |
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| special group of rna viruses that have reverse transcriptase |
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| immunodeficieny virus - causes aids - infects Th cells lymphocytes - recognizes CD4 protein receptor on the host cell - 100% mortality |
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| appeared recently - cause mutations in existing viruses and tranfers the virus betwween species |
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| bacteria against viral infections |
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| mutations in membranes receptors - restriction enzymes - enzymes protect from foreign dna - cuts dna between specific bases within specific nucleotide sequences |
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| animal cells against viral infections |
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| dead or weakened form of virus - trigger the immune system to produce antibodies that have memory cells |
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| prevent a second infection from the same virus (immunity) |
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| small molecules of dna that infect plants |
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| small protein molecules that can cause infection (mad cow disease) |
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| prion attaches to normal proteins, causing the normal protein to change into the prion shape |
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| monera kingdom - prokaryotic - single circular chromosome in nucleiod region |
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| theta replication - one origin of replication - 5' to 3' - dna attaches to bacterial membrane and will seperate as the mesosome forms - reproduction is binary fission |
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| small circular dna found in the cytoplasm - dna contains genes - self-replicating, but usually replicate within chromosomal dna - 2 classes (episomal and nonepisomal) |
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| integrate in the chromosomal dna - f-plasmid contains genes from a production of a conjugation tube (allows for sexual reproduction) |
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| remains seperate from chromosomal dna - r-plasmid contains genes for antibiotic resistance |
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| asexual is binary fission - sexual is f+ and f- bacteria |
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| attaches to another bacterial cell and forms a conjugation tube |
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| contains f plasmid (male) |
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| has f plasmid that is integrated (high frequency recombinant) |
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f+ attaches to f- cell through pilus - tubes connect cells - f plasmid replicates - new copy travels through tube - f- cell is converted to f+ cell
(no exchange os bacterial chromosomal genes) |
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| f plasmid integrated into chromosomal dna - hfr cell has f plasmid |
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| hfr attaches to f- through pilus - tube forms - f plasmid replicates and travels to f- cell - replication occurs in one direction - small piece of plasmid replicates then chromosomal gene replicates - tube breaks before transfer is complete - f- is still f- (new combinations) |
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| occurs between chromosomal genes brought in by f plasmid and chromosomal genes on f- cell |
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| cells pick up genetic info from surrounding environment - avery macleod and mccarty - bacterial cells can be manipulated to pick up plasmids from environment |
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| virus carries genes from one bacterial cell to another - 2 types - generalized is random movement and specialized is specific movement |
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| jumping genes - they can move within chromosomes of cell because of transposase enzyme - inverted repeat dna sequences at each end |
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| active in different cells at different times in the life of a cell |
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| undergoing transcription and traslation - turned on |
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| turned off - undergoing trascripton and trasnlation |
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| region of the dna which binds rna polymerase - TATA box |
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| genes that code for structural protein or enzyme |
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| code for repressor of regulatory protein |
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| mechanism of a gene control that enhances transcription (CAP-cAMP) |
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| mechanism of gene control that inhibits trasncription (repressible operon, inducible operon) |
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| genes normally on and can be turned off (negative feedback) - anabolic pathways and trp operon |
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| genes normally off and can be turned on (positive feedback) - catabolic pathways and lac operons |
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| region of the prokaryotic chromosome that includes promoter, operator, and structural genes |
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| allows genes involved w/ metabolic pathway to be transcribed and translated as a unit |
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| lactose breakdown - operon starts off and is induced |
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| regulatory and amount varies |
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| helps package the dna and amount is constant |
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| dna wraps around nucleosome - can be pulled together as nucleosomes are packaged and looped around each other - euchromatin is active dna and heterochromatin is inactive (barr bodies) |
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| "bead" - basic unit of dna packaging - contains 4 types of histone proteins that connect to adjacent beads |
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| 97% does not code for protein - tandemly repetative dna (satellite dna) - interspersed dna - single copy dna |
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| alu elements - can be caused by transposons |
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| functional genes and pseudogenes |
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| genes that are similar or identical in nucleotide sequence - arise from duplication mutation during dna replication - 2 types (identical and nonidentical) |
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| replication of specific genes during certain times (egg cell-cleavage and cancer cells) |
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| transposons and retrotransposons (replicated transposons) |
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| inactivates genes (barr bodies) |
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| acetyl group placed on a histone protein loosens dna and allowes for increased transcription factor binding |
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| region of dna that binds transcription factors |
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| can function as activators of repressors |
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| lifespan of mrna and prevent initiation of translation-mrna from attaching to ribosome |
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| post-translational control |
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| protein - modification of protein - zymogen form (inactive) - lifespan protein |
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| mutations in genome - physical environmental factors - oncogenes - proto-oncogenes (produce proteins regulating normal cell growth) - tumor-supressor genes (produce proteins that inhibit cell growth) |
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