Term
|
Definition
Poliovirus.
Coxsackie virus.
Enterovirus.
Rhinovirus.
Hepatitis A virus.
Norovirus.
Rubella virus.
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
Western equine encephalitis (WEE)
Flavivirus.
Dengue virus.
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE)
West Nile Fever virus.
Yellow Fever virus.
Hepatitis C virus.
Lassa virus.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus
Coronavirus.
SARS Coronavirus.
Ebola virus.
Influenza A.
Parainfluenza virus.
Mumps.
Measles.
RSV.
Rotavirus.
Colorado Tick Fever virus.
HTLV 1.
HIV. |
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Term
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Definition
Mild disease:
Fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, sore throat.
Aseptic meningitis:
Above symptoms, plus stiff neck and back pain.
Paralytic polio (Infantile paralysis):
Flaccid paralysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Orally introduced.
Multiplication may initiate in lymphoidal tissue (tonsils, Peyer's patches).
Viremia ensues even in presence of circulating Ab.
Virus continues to be shed for weeks.
Neuronal cells infected via blood stream.
Both spinal cord and brain may be affected.
Myocarditis may be seen on occasion. |
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Term
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Definition
Virus isolation in human or monkey cell lines.
CPE develops within 3-5 days.
Identification through neutralization assays.
Serology may be used to show 4-fold rise in Ab to poliovirus. |
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Term
| Specimens used for diagnosis of Polio |
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Definition
| Throat swabs and/or fecal specimens. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Incubation period for Polio |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Vaccines developed in the 1950's (Salk and Sabin)
Eliminated from Western Hemisphere in 1994.
Currently a target for eradication.
Occurs in all age groups.
Children affected more seriously.
Humans are only known reservoir.
Often seen in summer. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Coxsackie virus |
|
Definition
Aseptic meningitis (A,B)
- Fever, malaise, headache, nausea, paresis.
Herpangina (A)
- Febrile pharyngitis with vesicular lesions.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (A)
- Pharyngeal ulcerations coupled with vesicular rash on soles and palms.
Pleurodynia (B)
- Fever and "stabbing" chest pain.
Myocarditis (B)
- Acute inflammation of the heart.
- Presents in adults and children but more severe in children.
Cold-like disease (A, B)
- Rhinitis, congestion. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Coxsackie virus |
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Definition
Orally introduced.
Multiplication initiates in throat and gut.
Spread via circulatory system.
Virus continues to be shed for weeks. |
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Term
| Diagnosis of Coxsackie virus |
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Definition
Virus isolation in cell culture or newborn mice.
CPE develops within 6-12 days (slower than Polio) |
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Term
| Specimens used for diagnosis of Coxsackie virus |
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Definition
Throat swabs.
Nasal secretions.
Fecal specimens.
CSF.
(Depends on the disease) |
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Term
| Epidemiology of Coxsackie virus |
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Definition
| Worldwide. No vaccines. More common in summer and fall. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Coxsackie virus |
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Definition
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Term
| How many types of Enterovirus are know to cause human disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bronchiolitis or pneumonia in children.
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
Aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. |
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Term
| Pathogeneis of Enterovirus |
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Definition
| Similar to Coxsackie virus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Virus isolation in cell culture. |
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Term
| Epidemiology of Enterovirus |
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Definition
| Worldwide. No vaccines. Humans as reservoir. Waterborne transmission most likely cause. |
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Term
| Incubation period for hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (Enterovirus) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Common cold:
-Sneezing, lacrimation, pharyngitis, malaise, chills, bronchitis.
-Clinically may be indistinguishable from similar conditions caused by coronaviruses, adenoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, parainfluenza, and influenza. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus |
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Definition
Enters via respiratory tract.
Replicates in cells of nasal mucosa.
Symptoms are related to host response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on clinical symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Rhinovirus |
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Definition
| Worldwide. Adults average 1-2 colds per year. Over 100 serotypes. Transmission is likely to be via contact as through respiratory droplets. Being "chilled" is not a predisposing factor. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Rhinovirus |
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Definition
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Term
| Viruses considered Picornaviridae |
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Definition
Enteroviruses:
- Poliovirus
- Coxsackie virus
- Enterovirus
- Rhinovirus
- Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A Virus) |
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Term
| Virus considered Calciviridae |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of Hepatitis A virus |
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Definition
(Infectious Hepatitis)
Rapid onset; jaundice occurs in prodromal stage - jaundice not always present.
Fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort.
Hepatitis may be caused by: Hep. A, B, C; EBV; Yellow Fever; CMV; HSV; Rubella; some enteroviruses. |
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Term
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Definition
Orally introduced.
Multiplication in cells lining alimentary tract.
Transcytosis brings virus to blood stream.
Spreads to hepatocytes.
Symptoms related to cell mediated immune response.
Virus passed in bile and feces. |
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Term
|
Definition
Serology:
-Detection of anti HAV IgM.
-Not recommended to screen asymptomatic cases (False positives)
-Anti HAV IgG useful only as pre vaccine screen. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Incubation period of Hep. A |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Widespread.
Outbreaks associated with families, institutions, camps, daycares and military settings.
Fecal-oral spread (Food workers pose threat)
Raw oysters or clams are a potential source
Anicteric cases more common in children
About 1/3 of US adults have HAV Ab. |
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Term
|
Definition
Human immunoglobulin.
Vaccination. |
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Term
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Definition
Gastroenteritis:
- Rapid onset; diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, headache, malaise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Icosahedral. RNA, single stranded. Non-enveloped. Replicates in cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Norovirus |
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Definition
| Orally introduced. Low ID (~10 viral particles). Multiplication in cells of small intestine. Little else understood about pathogenesis of Norovirus infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
Electron microscopy:
- Used in stool specimens.
- Requires relatively high numbers of virus.
Direct detection:
- EIA for Norovirus Ag
- PCR |
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Term
| Incubation period for Norovirus |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Norovirus |
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Definition
| Widespread. Most common cause of adult viral gastroenteritis. More associated with outbreaks than sporadic cases. Estimated 23 million cases per year in US. Outbreaks associated with restraunts, long term care facilities, schools, cruises. |
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Term
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Definition
Lassa virus.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. |
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Term
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Definition
Coronavirus.
SARS Coronavirus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Malaise, fever, headache, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myaglia.
80% of cases are asymptomatic. Disease is more severe during pregnancy. Fetal loss is 80%.
In severe cases: Shock, pleural effusion, hemorrhage, seizures.
Deafness is a complication. |
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Term
| How is Lassa virus acquired? |
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Definition
Via aerosol of rodent excreta.
Transmissible human to human. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Incubation period of Lassa virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
Many subclinical cases.
Acute disease manifested as meningitis.
May appear as mild "flu-like" illness with fever, chills, malaise, weakness, headache, sore throat.
Rarely will develop into encephalitis. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
Transmitted via urine, saliva or excreta of infected mice.
Spread throughout body similar to adenoviruses.
Often will spread to meninges.
Cell mediated response of host may actually exacerbate disease. |
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Term
| Diagnosis of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
Serology.
Virus isolation or detection. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
Widely seen in Europe and the Americas.
Reservoir is house mice.
No evidence of human to human spread. |
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Term
| General characteristics of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus |
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Definition
Pleomorphic (spherical) viral particles.
RNA genome.
Enveloped.
Replication occurs in cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
Afebrile "common colds"; considered relatively harmless viruses for humans.
Unique strain causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)
-Fever, malaise, chills, headache, dizziness, cough, followed by shortness of breath.
-May require ventilation.
Fatality rate is ~10%. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Coronavirus |
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Definition
Highly species specific.
Tropism for epithelial cells of respiratory tract.
SARS agent may represent jumping the "species barrier". |
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Term
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Definition
Serology - Ab or Ag detection with EIA or HI
Isolation - Challenging, rarely used. |
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Term
| Incubation period for Coronavirus |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Coronavirus |
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Definition
| Worldwide. Cause of perhaps 20% of all colds. Ab found in >90% of adults. Concept of "Super spreaders". |
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Term
| General characteristics of Coronavirus |
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Definition
Pleomorphic (long filamentous) viral particles.
RNA genome.
Enveloped.
Replication occurs in cytoplasm. |
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Term
|
Definition
Severe, acute illness with fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash.
In most serious form, progresses to hemorrhagic disease with hepatic and renal involvement leading to organ failure and death. |
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Term
|
Definition
Highly virulent.
Propism for endothelial cells, macrophages and hepatocytes.
High virus titers in all major organs.
Mortality rate up to 90%. |
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Term
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Definition
Serology.
Isolation: BSL-4 required. |
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Term
|
Definition
Central and West Africa.
First recognized in 1976 (Hot Zone - Preston)
Reservoir likely non-human primates, possibly bats. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Ebola |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Parainfluenza virus.
Mumps.
Measles.
RSV. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Influenza A (also B and C) |
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Definition
Chills, headache, cough, fever, myalgia, malaise, anorexia.
Complications of influenza are associated with age, debilitating disease, pregnancy.
Secondary pneumonia may develop: Frequently related to bacterial disease. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Influenza A |
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Definition
Spread through airborne droplets.
Tropism for resp. epithelial cells.
Virus spreads to adjacent cells.
Cell death and desquamation ensue.
Edema and monomuclear infiltration leads to many of influenza's symptoms.
Systemic effects related to cytokine action. |
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Term
|
Definition
Virus isolation or detection.
- Embryonated eggs, cell culture.
- Requires hemadsorption or hemagglutination to detect.
FA techniques may be used with shell vial culture.
Direct detection lacks sensitivity and specificity.
Serology: HI, EIA, Neutralization assays. |
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Term
| Treatment for Influenza A |
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Definition
Amantadine
Prevention - Vaccines. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Influenza A |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Influenza A |
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Definition
Annual outbreaks with predictable pattern.
Up to 5 million cases annually with ~500,000 deaths.
Antigenic drift and shift.
Species variation, genetic recombination.
Pandemic risk. |
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Term
| Paramyxo vs. Orthomyxo: Which is larger? |
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Definition
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Term
Replication in the nucleus? (Orthomyxo or Paramyxo)
Other is in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Symptoms of Parainfluenza |
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Definition
Varies by age and type.
Infants and children: Croup like illness, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia. Fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis media.
Adults: Laryngitis, rhinitis. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Parainfluenza |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Parainfluenza |
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Definition
| Widespread, common cause of serious respiratory illness in infants and children (2nd to RSV), frequently spread on close settings (daycare, etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
Infants and children: Acute, febrile disease with enlargement of salivary glands (parotitis)
Adults: Fever, malaise, anorexia.
Complications - Meningitis, orchitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Spread via resp. route.
Localized in nasal passages and upper resp. tract.
Viremia followed by involvement of parotid glands.
Virus shed in saliva.
Virus may spread to certain visceral organs, particularly kidneys. |
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Term
|
Definition
Virus isolation:
-Cell culture with FA detection.
-CPE shows syncytia.
-Detection using Hemadsorption inhibition.
Serology:
-HI or EIA |
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Term
| Incubation period of Mumps |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Worldwide. Mortality rate is low (~3/10,000 - Often related with mumps encephalitis). Live, attenuated vaccine available. |
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Term
|
Definition
Acute, highly communicable disease with fever, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, Koplik spots, rash.
Rash begins on face.
More severe in infants and adults than children.
Infectious during prodromal phase. |
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Term
|
Definition
Spread via resp. route.
Localized in upper resp. tract.
Spreads to regional lymph nodes.
Viremic spread through RES cells.
Virus secreted in tears, nasal secretions, urine, blood.
Encephalitis is a potenial complication.
Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis is a fatal sequela seen rarely. |
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Term
|
Definition
Often made clincally.
-Antigen detection.
-Virus isolation.
-Serology. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Measles |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Worldwide. Very low infectious dose.
Mortality rate may be up to 5%.
Measles deaths are still a major issue in developing countries.
Live, attenuated vaccine available. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
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Definition
Primarily affects children.
Ranges from subclinical to cold to pneumonia.
Otitis media is common complication.
Hospitalization of infant may be required (2:100)
Death of admitted infants occurs 1:100 |
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Term
|
Definition
Spread via resp. route.
Localized in nasopharynx.
Spreads to lower resp. tract.
Viremia is rare.
Risk to infants is related to small air passages. |
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Term
|
Definition
Antigen detection.
Virus isolation.
Serology. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Worldwide. No vaccine. Reinfection may occur, but with less serious symptoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
Rotavirus.
Colorado Tick Fever virus. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration.
Loss of electrolytes can be fatal in infants and young children.
Symptoms in adults are mild or not evident. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Rotavirus |
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Definition
Virus attaches to cells in villi of small intestine.
Multiply in these cells and disrupt transport mechanisms.
Sodium and glucose absorption are disrupted.
Infected cells and viruses are sloughed off in the intestine and shed in stool.
Shedding may occur for up to two weeks. |
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Term
|
Definition
Virus isolation: Cell culture not used.
Virus detection: EM, EIA, LA.
Serology: Uncommon. |
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Term
|
Definition
Supportive.
Restore electrolytes. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Rotavirus |
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Definition
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Term
| Epidemiology of Rotavirus |
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Definition
| Worldwide. Single most important cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Fecal-oral spread. Reservoir likely humans. ~5 billion cases per year; ~5 million deaths per year. Outbreaks more common in winter. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Colorado Tick Fever |
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Definition
Fever, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting.
Fever is normally dyphasic. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Colorado Tick Fever |
|
Definition
Spread via Tick bite.
Viremia occurs.
Blood cells are infected.
Disease in self limited. |
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Term
| Incubation period of Colorado Tick Fever |
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Definition
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Term
| Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) |
|
Definition
Cause of Adult T-cell Leukemia.
Most commonly seen in Japan.
Likely acquired via breast milk.
Latency up to 50 years. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
|
Definition
Fatigue, rash, headache, nausea, night sweats (may occur 3-6 weeks after infection)
Immunosuppression: Opportunistic infections - PCP, Candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma. |
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Term
|
Definition
Very slow progressing.
Blood borne acquisition.
Viremia with seeding of lymphoid organs.
T helper lymphocytes (CD4) are the target cell.
Ultimately, CD4 count drops.
Viral load increases.
Individuals succumb to opportunistic infections and other effects of immunosuppression. |
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Term
|
Definition
Serology:
-Antibody detection: Screening test (EIA) followed by confirmatory test (WB)
-Western Blot.
-Problem with "window"
-Testing used is influenced by prevalence of disease.
-PCR now being used more routinely.
Cell counts:
-CD4 counts.
-<200 cells per microliter (AIDS)
Viral load:
Used to monitor treatment and disease progression. |
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Term
|
Definition
Antiretroviral drugs.
-Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
-Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
-Protease inhibitor (PI)
-Fusion inhibitor
-Chemokine co-receptor antagonists
-Nucleoside inhibitors
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Suppress viral replication.
Does not cure HIV infection/AIDS |
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Term
|
Definition
About 2-3 months to display antibody.
1-15 years to progress to HIV stage 3. |
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Term
|
Definition
Worldwide; disproportionate distrobution.
Recognized in 1981; Virus isolation in 1983; Test release in 1985.
Routes of transmission vary by population. |
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