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| The scientific study of victims and victimization |
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| A criminal is punished because he or she deserved it, and the punishment is equal to the harm caused |
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| Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders |
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| Early Babylonian code that emphasized the restoration of equity between the offender and the victim |
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| The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization |
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| When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime |
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| When a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act |
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| Developed a victim typology based on characteristics of the victim that increase risk of victimization |
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| “Father of victimology”; coined the term victimology in the mid-1940s |
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| Argued that victims have a functional responsibility not to provoke others into victimizing or harming them and that they also should actively attempt to prevent that from occurring |
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| Used Philadelphia homicide data to conduct the first empirical investigation of victim precipitation |
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| The victim facilitates her or his own death by using poor judgment, placing himself or herself at risk, living a risky lifestyle, or using alcohol or drugs |
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| Studied victim provocation in rapes |
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| First-ever government-sponsored victimization survey; relied on victims to recall their own victimization experiences |
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| Recognized the need for female victims of crime to receive special attention and help due to the fact that victimizations such as sexual assault and domestic violence are byproducts of sexism, traditional sex roles, emphasis on traditional family values, and the economic subjugation of women |
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| Advocated against racism and discrimination, noting that all Americans have rights that are protected by the U.S. Constitution |
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| Movement centered on giving victims a voice in the criminal justice system and providing them rights |
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| Mental, physical, and monetary loss that victims of crime incur |
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| Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
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| Annual reports of the amount of crime reported to or known by the police in a year |
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| If more than one Part I offense occurs in the same incident report, only the most serious offense will be counted in the reporting process |
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| National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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| National survey of households that is used to generate annual estimates of victimization in the United States |
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| Giving a time frame to reference in order to aid recall |
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| Used to cue respondents or jog their memories as to whether they experienced any of seven types of criminal victimization in the previous 6 months |
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| Detailed questions about a victimization experience |
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| Incidents that occur in which respondents cannot distinguish enough identifying details or even recall each incident |
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| Respect is seen as a commodity that must be maintained, even through violence |
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Term
| routine activities and lifestyles theory |
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Definition
| A person’s routine activities and lifestyle place him or her at risk of being victimized. Risk is highest when motivated offenders, lack of capable guardianship, and suitable targets coalesce in time and space. |
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| Generally, a set of testable propositions designed to explain why a person is victimized |
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| People who will commit crime if given an opportunity |
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| Victims chosen by offenders based on their attractiveness in the situation/crime |
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| Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded to prevent a victimization from occurring |
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| People who share characteristics of offenders are more at risk of victimization, given that they are more likely to come into contact with offenders |
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| Features of neighborhoods that impact risk for victimization |
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| Areas that are crime prone |
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| The percentage of units in structures of five or more units |
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| The percentage of persons 5 years and older living in a different house from 5 years before |
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| People involved in delinquency with whom a person spends time; having such peers increases one’s likelihood of victimization |
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| The amount of control one possesses over others and the amount of control to which one is subject; the ratio of control influences the risk of engaging in deviant behavior |
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| Control surplus and control deficit considered together |
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| When the control one has exceeds the amount of control one is subject to |
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| When the amount of control a person exercises is outweighed by the control he or she is subject to |
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| social interactionist perspective |
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| Proposes that distressed individuals behave aggressively, which then elicits an aggressive response from others |
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| Examines the development of and desistance from offending and other behaviors over time |
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| Proposes that a person with low self-control will engage in crime if given the opportunity |
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| age-graded theory of adult social bonds |
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| Proposes that marriage and employment can help one desist from criminal behavior |
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| gene x environment interaction |
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Definition
| Genes interact with environmental features to shape behavior |
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| Victims that are offenders and vice versa |
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| People who share characteristics of offenders are more at risk of victimization, given that they are more likely to come into contact with offenders |
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| Individuals who have been victimized, but do not perpetrate crime (also called “pure” or “exclusive” victims) |
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| Individuals who engage in crime but have no victimization history. Also referred to as pure or exclusive offenders. |
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| An individual who has experienced both offending and victimization |
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| dynamic causal perspective |
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Definition
| The occurrence of victimization and offending are linked together whereby one directly causes the other |
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| population heterogeneity perspective |
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Definition
| Rather than victim or offender directly influencing one another, the relationship is influenced by a stable underlying personality trait(s) or environment(s) |
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| situational couple violence |
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Definition
| A type of intimate partner violence where violence is not a form of control, but rather males and females are both likely to be victims and perpetrators of IPV |
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Definition
| A type of intimate partner violence where males utilize coercion through physical, psychological, and emotional abuse to control females. Women seeking assistance from police or shelters have likely experienced this form of intimate partner violence |
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| A type of intimate partner violence that involves females fighting back against intimate terrorism |
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| Physical harm suffered that may include bruises, soreness, scratches, cuts, broken bones, contracted diseases, and stab or gunshot wounds |
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| A mood disorder characterized by sleep disturbances, changes in eating habits, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, and irritability. These symptoms interfere with a person’s everyday life. |
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| A person’s own perception of his or her worth or value |
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| Beliefs and emotions about a person’s own self-worth or value |
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| An affective disorder or state often experienced as irrational and excessive fear and worry, which may be coupled with feelings of tension and restlessness, vigilance, irritability, and difficulty concentrating |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| Psychiatric anxiety disorder caused by experiencing traumatic events such as war, violence, etc. |
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| Reexperiencing trauma through recurring or intrusive recollections or nightmares, feeling as though the event were recurring, and/or intense psychological distress when exposed to cues that symbolize or resemble a component of the traumatic event |
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| avoidance/numbing symptoms |
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Definition
| Regular avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event and numbness of response |
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| Persistent arousal symptomology; for example, not being able to sleep, being hypervigilant, and having problems concentrating |
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| Victims believe they are responsible for their own victimization |
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| characterological self-blame |
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Definition
| Person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source, such as one’s character |
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| When a person believes she or he did something to cause victimization |
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| Victims believe they are unable to change the situation and stop trying to resist |
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| Financial costs associated with victimization |
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| When victims’ possessions are taken or damaged |
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| Costs associated with treating victims of crime |
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| Psychiatric care required as a result of being victimized |
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| Being unable to work, go to school, or complete everyday tasks because of being victimized |
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| Costs paid by society in response to victimization (e.g., law enforcement, insurance costs) |
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| When a person is victimized more than once over the course of the life span |
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| The effect one person’s victimization has on others |
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| People whose loved ones have been murdered |
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| Disclosing the victimization to the police |
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| An emotional response to being afraid of being victimized |
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| The perceived likelihood that a person will be victimized |
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| Low-level breaches of community standards that show that conventionally accepted norms and values have eroded in an area |
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| Disorderly physical surroundings in an area |
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| Disruptive social behaviors in an area |
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| Restrictions that people place on their own behaviors to protect themselves from harm |
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| defensive or protective behaviors |
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Definition
| Behaviors to guard against victimization, such as purchasing a weapon |
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| When a person or place is victimized more than once in any way |
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| When a person is victimized more than once in the same way |
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| When a person is victimized more than once over the course of the life span |
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| When a person, usually in childhood or during the same developmental time period, experiences multiple forms of victimization |
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| near-repeat victimization |
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Definition
| A victimization that occurs near a place that was recently victimized |
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| A term used in the revictimization literature to indicate how close in time a subsequent victimization incident occurs to an initial incident |
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Definition
| Examination in the recurring literature to see the patterns of types of victimizations that occur. Crime switching occurs when a person experiences two different types of victimizations |
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| When a person is victimized a subsequent time, he or she might experience the same type of victimization previously experienced |
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| risk heterogeneity (the “flag” explanation) |
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Definition
| Characteristics about a person that, if left unchanged, place him or her at greater risk of being victimized repeatedly |
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Definition
| The way a victim and offender respond to an incidence of victimization effects their likelihood of being involved in future victimization |
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| What happens during and after the first incident influences the risk of experiencing a subsequent victimization incident |
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| delayed repeat victimization |
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| Repeat victimization incident that occurs more than 30 days after the initial incident |
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| Rights given to victims to enhance their privacy, protection, and participation |
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| The right of victims to be kept apprised of key events in their cases |
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| participation and consultation |
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Definition
| Rights given to victims to encourage participation in the criminal justice system; also provide victims the right to discuss their cases with the prosecutor and/or judge before key decisions are made |
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| Safety measures provided to victims |
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| Victims’ interests are considered when judges rule on postponement of trial dates |
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| Federal Victim Witness Protection Act (1982) |
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Definition
| Developed and implemented guidelines for how officials respond to victims and witnesses |
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| Victims of Crime Act (1984) |
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Definition
| Created the Office for Victims of Crime and provided funds for victim compensation |
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| Child Victims’ Bill of Rights (1990) |
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Definition
| Gave victims’ rights to children who were victims and witnesses |
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| Created a federal bill of rights for victims |
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| Victims’ Rights and Restitution Act (1990) |
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| Guaranteed victims the right to restitution |
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| Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994) |
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Definition
| Increased funds for victim compensation and created the national sex offender registry |
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| Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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Definition
| Gave money to programs for prevention and treatment of female victims |
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| Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996) |
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Definition
| Required restitution for violent crimes and increased funds available to victims of terrorism |
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| Victims’ Rights Clarification Act (1997) |
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Definition
| Allowed victims to make impact statements and attend their offenders’ trials |
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| Violence Against Women Act (2000) |
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Definition
| Provided funding for rape prevention and education and domestic violence victims and included Internet stalking as a crime |
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| Justice for All Act (2004) |
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Definition
| Enforced victims’ rights and provided funds to test the backlog of rape kits |
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Definition
| The right of victims to have monies that they lost due to victimization repaid to them by the state |
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| Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders |
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| Victims may sue their offenders in civil court to recoup costs and to compensate for emotional harm |
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Term
| victim impact statement (VIS) |
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Definition
| Statement made to the court by the victim or his or her family about the harm caused and the desired sentence for the offender |
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| victim/witness assistance programs (VWAPs) |
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Definition
| Provide aid to victims during the investigation and criminal justice process |
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Definition
| A movement recognizing that crime is a harm caused not just to the state but to the victim and his or her community. It seeks to use all entities in response to crime and allows for input from the offender, the victim, and community members harmed by the offense in making a determination of how to repair the harm caused by the offender. |
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| family or community group conferencing |
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Definition
| Victim, offender, family, friends, and supporters talk about the impact and consequences of a crime |
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| Gathering of victim, offender, community members, and sometimes criminal justice officials to promote healing |
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| Gathering of victim, offender, community members, and sometimes criminal justice officials to determine the offender’s sentence |
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| victim–offender mediation programs |
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Definition
| Sessions led by a third party in which the victim and offender meet face- to -face to come to a mutually satisfactory agreement as to what should happen to the offender—often through the development of a restitution plan |
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| Offender not formally charged if she or he completes required programs |
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| The killing of one human being by another |
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| Accidental or unintentional killings |
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Definition
| The killing of a felon by a peace officer in the line of duty or the killing (during the commission of a felony) of a felon by a private citizen |
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| Persons do not have a duty to retreat prior to using force in self-defense, regardless of where the event is taking place |
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Definition
| Persons do not have a duty to retreat prior to using force in self-defense, but these events are limited only to those occurring within or on an individual’s personal property |
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| The purposeful, knowing, reckless, or negligent killing of one human being by another |
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| Murder committed with deliberate premeditation and malice |
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| The act was considered beforehand |
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| An act that planned after careful thought |
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| Actual malice (such as when a person in a fight shoots the other person, showing an intention to cause serious injury) |
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| implied/constructive malice |
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| When death occurs due to negligence rather than intent |
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| Murder committed with malice, but without premeditation and deliberation |
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| The often unintentional killing during the commission of another felony |
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| Killing of a person that results from negligence and without willful intent |
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Definition
| Intentional infliction of injury that is likely to and actually does cause death |
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| involuntary/negligent manslaughter |
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Definition
| Death resulting from gross negligence (ignoring the possible danger or potential harm to other people) |
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| The killing of a child by a parent or a caretaker |
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| A type of filicide, involves homicides in which the victim is under one year of age |
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| The murder of one’s parent |
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| The killing of one’s father |
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| The killing of one’s mother |
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| A murder that involves a victim who is 65 years of age or older |
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| intimate partner homicide |
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Definition
| A homicide involving spouses, ex-spouses, persons in current or de facto relationships, boyfriends or girlfriends, or partners of same-sex relationships |
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Definition
| Characterized by the perpetrator killing himself after murdering his intimate partner |
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Definition
| Acts of violence (i.e., physical, sexual, and/ or psychological) that are directed at an individual because of their gender |
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Definition
| The intentional murder of a female because of her sex |
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Definition
| Homicides that are perpetrated by males against females to ensure that honor (which can be his own, his family’s, or his community’s) is maintained |
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| A series of three or more killings committed by the same perpetrator or perpetrators |
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| The killing of four or more victims in one location in one incident |
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Definition
| The killing of multiple victims at two or more separate locations but with no cooling-off period in between so that each event is emotionally connected |
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Definition
| The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization |
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| indirect/secondary victimization |
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Definition
| When a loved one is victimized there are costs associated with this victimization for those who care about that person. When a person experiences these costs or consequences, he or she experiences indirect or secondary victimization. |
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Definition
| The state of being sad after an individual you have cared for has passed |
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| death/casualty notification |
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Definition
| The process by which family members of the deceased are notified of their loved one’s passing |
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Definition
| Community-based programs that seek to review the circumstances of the homicide to gain a better understanding of the cause of death |
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