Glycopyrrolate:

SQ Onset &

Duration Time

SQ Onset: 15 - 20 min.

Duration: 3 - 4 hours

Glycopyrrolate:

Class & MOA

Class: Synthetic Anti-colinergic

MOA: Block or inhibit release of Acetylcholine at cholinergic receptoe sites.

Glycopyrrolate:

Effects

• Decrease vagal tone, preventing bradycardia.
• Decrease secretions (eyes, oral, pharyngeal, & respiratory tracts)
• Decrease GI motility
• Dilates pupils

Glycopyrrolate:

Routes

SubQ, IM, IV

Glycopyrrolate:

Note

Has large polar molecules that do not pass through the blood- brain or placental barriers.

NOT Controlled, NOT analgesic, NO Sedation

Atropine:

Onset

Faster onset, faster metabolism

Atropine:

Class

Natural Anti-cholinergic (originates from deadly night shade plant)

Atropine:

Effects

• Decrease vagal tone, preventing bradycardia
• Decrease secreations (eyes, oral, pharyngeal, & respiratory tract)
• Decrease GI motility
• Dialates pupils

Atropine:

Rabbits

• Do not give to rabbits, 50% produce atropinase which is an enzyme that degrades atropine, making them resistant to atropines effects.

Atropine:

ROUTES

SQ, IM, IV

Atropine:

Notes

• Crosses blood-brain and placental barrier

• NOT controlled, NO analgesia, NO sedation

Buprenorphine:

SQ Onset &

Duration

SQ Onset: 30-45 min.

Duration: 6-12 hours

(Slow onset, slow metabolism)

Buprenorphine:

Class &

MOA

Class: Synthetic Opiod

MOA: Partial agonist at Mu receptors

Pure agonist at Kappa receptors

Buprenorphine:

Reversal

Nalaxone is technically the reversal agent. but dosnt work so well, because Buprenorphine has higher affinity for Mu receptors than Nalaxone

Buprenorphine:

Effects

• Mild to moderate analgesia
• slight sedation if any

Buprenorphine:

Routes &

Trade Name

Routes: SQ, IM, IV, OTM (cats)

Trade Name: Buprenex

OTM

• Buccal administraion is very well absorbed in cats due to the high (alkalinic) pH of their salivia.
• Analgesia last approx. 6 hours
• Drug shouldn't be swallowed.
• Dogs absorb 30%, not used.

Butorphanol:

SQ Onset &

Duration

SQ Onset: 15-20 min

Duration: 60-90 min

Butorphanol:

Class &

MOA

Class: Synthetic Opiod

MOA: Antagonist/agonist at Mu receptors

Agonist at Kappa

Butorphanol:

Effects

• Mild to moderate analgesia (short-term) on visceral pain
• Slight sedation

Butorphanol:

Other Uses

• Anti-tussive in dogs with kennel cough.
• It suppresses the respiratory senter as a side effect.

Butorphanol:

Routes & Notes

IV, IM, SO, PO

*Controlled, Analgesic, Slight Seditive*

Acepromazine:

SQ Onset &

Duration

SQ Onset: 15-30min.

Duration: 3-4 hours(sedation)

4-6 hours(other effects)

Acepromazine:

Class & MOA

Class: Phenothiazine sedative

MOA: Blocks post-synaptic dopamine receptors in CNS

Acepromazine:

Effects

• Sedation
• anti-emetic
• anti-arrhythmic
• anti-histamine

Acepromazine:

Adverse Effects

• Hypotention
• Hypothermia
• prolapsed nictitaing membrane
• penile prolapse: Paraphimosis (horses)
• lowers seizure threshold
• bradycardia

Acepromazine:

Doses & Routes

*Do not exceed 3mg in dogs and 1mg in cats

* Routes: PO, SQ, IM, IV

Acepromazine:

Sensitive/resistant

• Boxers: sensitive to hypotensive effects & may response or can potentially lead to cardiovascular collapse.
• Terriers: may have an excitment reaction
• Giant breeds, grey hounds, and sight hounds are sensitive.