45% cells

-large amt of RBC, small amt WBC and platelets (normal)

55% plasma

biconcave disc: normal shape of (most) mammalian RBC, indents on each side

anuclear

dogs: large, have central pallor

Camelids have oval RBC

more blue color signifies more RNA, meaning younger growing cells

ex: reticulocytes - young RBC

venous blood has deoxy hemoglobin and arterial blood has oxy hemoglobin

oval

have nucleus

larger than mammals

abnormal shaped RBC

largest numbers of cells

5-10 million per microliter blood

1/3 to 1/2 circulating volume

lifespan:

varies w species

mammals: 2 months - 5 months

reptiles: very long, 2+ years

increase in immature red blood cells: reticulocytes or polychromatophils same thing

bone marrow is responding to loss or destruction of RBC

good way to ID species blood sample comes from

granules stain red to orange

Cats: rod shaped

Horse: large, bright orange

Cow: small and orange

Granulocytes: neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

Agranulocytes: Monocytes and lymphocytes

most varied appearance of nucleus

largest WBC

phagocytic

migrate to tissues to become dendritic cells and macrophages

non mammals have heterophils: granulated and non lobed nucleus

5000 - 15000 per microliter of blood

neutrophils most abundant, then lymphocytes (about half as much) then monocytes and eosinophils in equal numbers, then basophils (very rare)

neutrophils circulate for hours then live in tissues 1-2 days

monocytes circulate for about 1 day then live in tissues for weeks to years

Lymphocytes live for weeks to years

segmented: mature neutrophil

banded: immature neutrophil - U shaped nucleus, larger, more blue

anulcear

fragments of a megakaryocyte: precursor cell in bone marrow that sheds platelets from its cytoplasm

have granules

size varies by species

numbers: 2-400,000 per microliter (about the same mass b/w species: larger = less numbers)

lifespan: 8-12 days

non mammals

larger than platelets, smaller than WBC

look similar to lymphocytes

change shape from discoid to spheroid

surface glycoproteins change

secrete and release granule contents

RBC (millions)

platelets (hundred thousands)

WBC (thousands)

rbc: weeks/ months to years (reptile)

wbc: usually weeks to years (neutrophil less, few days)

platelets: 8-12 days

sinusoid:

-endothelium

-basement membrane

-reticular cells facing hemotopoetic spaces

reticular cells create place for hematopoeisis, endothelial cells regulate how many and which cells leave the bone marrow and enter blood

hematopoetic space: spaces in between sinuses

nutrient artery: main blood supply, has a nutrient foramen

periosteal capillary network: arterioles and venules, enters through various osteal canals

central vein: blood drains to it from the sinusoids

erythroid: make RBC

myeloid: make WBC

megakarocytic: make platelets

non lymphoid leukocyte (myeloid to erythroid ratio)

non lymphoid hemotopoetic cell (myeloid leukemia)

bone marrow (myelitis)

spinal cord (myelogram)

erythropoeitin: stimulates growth and differentiation of erythroid cells

thrombopoeitin: megakaryocytes

granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF): granulocytes esp neutrophils

granulocyte-monocyte CSF: granulocytes and monocytes

can be used to help treat disorders like anemia or neutropenia

red and acidic stain: stains basic things

blue and basic stain: stains acidic things