Which is the best indicator of irreversible cell injury?

A. Clumping of chromatin

B. Inactivation of sodium pump

C. Severe mitochondrial damage

D. Changes in nuclear structure and function

E. Damage to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which apoptotic pathway is involved of the deletion of cytotoxic lymphocytes:

A. FAS

B. RIP

C. TNF

D. TRADD

E. Caspase-3 

All are true about survivin, EXCEPT:

1. It is widely expressed in normal adult tissues

2. Its expression in neoplasms is associated with a poorer prognosis

3. It is expressed primarily in the G1 phase of the cell cycle

4. The BIR domain is critical for its antiaptotic function

5. It is important in embryonic development

A. 1

B. 1, 2, 3

C. 1, 3

D. 2, 4

E. 2, 4, 5 

The protein that keeps β-catenin levels low in the cytoplasm of resting cells is:

A. ABL

B. APC

C. ERM

D. INK

E. MYC 

Which of the following molecular are members of the integrin receptro family of cell adhesion molecules:

1. ICAM-1

2. VCAM-1

3. MAC-1

4. LFA-1

5. VLA-1

a. 1,2

b. 1,2,5

c. 3,4

d. 3,4,5

e. all the above

Among the major events in acute inflammation are the chagnes in vascular flow and caliber.  Place the following events in their correc t order of occurence in acute inflammation:

1. Leukocytic margination

2. Slowing of circulation

3. Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles

4. Increased vascular permeability

5. Vasodilation

a. 1,2,3,4,5

b. 2,3,4,5,1

c. 3,4,5,2,1

d. 3,5,4,2,1

e. 5,3,2,1,4

Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis:

a. Cell shrinkage

b. Uniform dispersal of chromatin

c. Formation of cytoplasmic blebs

d. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

e. Lack of accompnaying inflammation

Which of the following types of collagen are present in cartilage?

a. Type II only

b. Type I and II

c. Type II and IX

d. Type I, II, and III

e. Type II, III, and IV

The key biochemical events in leukocyte activation in order of occurrence are:

1. Increased intracellular calcium

2. Activation of protein kinase C

3. Receptor-ligand binding

4. Activation of phospholipase C

5. Oxidative burst

a. 3,4,1,2,5

b. 3,2,4,5,1

c. 4,2,5,1,3

d. 2,3,4,1,5

e. 1,3,4,2,5

p53 can inhibit the progression of the cell cycle by: 

a. Transcription of p16

b. Transcription of p21

c. Trasncription of mdm-2

d. Transcription of E2F

e. All of the above

The G1 phase of the cell cycle is predominantly regulated by :

a. Cyclin A and cdk2

b. Cyclin B and cdk1 and 2

c. Cyclin C and cdk5

d. Cyclin D and cdk4 and 6

e. Cyclin E and cdk2

Which of the following statements are true concerning interferon gamma (INF-γ)

1. It stimulates Th1 cells

2. It is chemotactic for neutrophils

3. It activates macrophages

4. It activates natural killer cells

5. It stimulates Th2 cells

a. 2 and 5

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 3 and 4 only

e. 2, 3, and 5 only

_{The carcinogenicity of some chemicals is augmented by agents that by themselves have no carcinogenicity, but function by reversibly increaseing cellular proliferation.  These augmenting agents have classically been referred to as:}

a. Co-carcinogens

b. intiators

c. promoters

d. catalysts

e. None of the above

Select from the following list the best depiction of cell and tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation.  

a. basal cells<fibroblasts<bone marrow stroma

b. Renal tubular epith.<intestinal cryp epith.<endothelium

c. hepatocytes<intermediate spermatogonia<epidermal basal cells

d. primitive spermatogonia<fibroblasts<endocrine parenchyma

e. fibroblasts<endothelium<thyroid follicular cells

Which of the following is not ture regarding fumonisin B1?

a. Occurs in corn contaminated with the fungus Fusarium moniliforme

b. Inhibits sphinganine N-acyltranfersase, causing elevation of serum and tissue sphinganine and sphingosine levels

c. causes pulmoanry edema in swine by alveolar endothelium damage

d. Produces hepatic lesions in all species studied

e. Causes polioencephalomalacia in horses

Which of these statements about telomerase are true?

1. It plays an essential role in maintenance of telomeres

2. It cleaves telomeric DNA repeates from chromosome ends

3. It adds telomeric DNA repeats to chromosome ends

4. Activation of telomerase often occurs in cells that have undergone neoplastic transformation

5. It can be used to detect the presence of neoplasia in effusions

Synthesis of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is greatest during which phase of the cell cycle?

a. G0

b. G1

c. S-phase

d. M-phase

e. G2

The Arthus reaction is  feature of whcih type of hypersensitivity reaction?

a. Type I

b. Type II

c. Type III

d. Type IV

e. Type V

The Arteriviridae family includes all of hte following except:

a. Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus

b. Equine arteritis virus

c. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

d. Simian hemorrhagic fever virus

e. African horse sickness virus

In situ hybridization allows the precise localization within a histologic section, of a specific semgent of what?

a. Protein

b. Nuclei acid

c. Carbohydrate

d. Xenobiotic

e. Enzyme

Morphologic hallmarks of irreversible cell injury include all of the following except: 

a. severe swelling of mitochondria

b. Extensive damage to plasma membranes

c. swelling of lysosomes

d. disassociation of dispersion of ribosomes

e. large flocculant densities in the mitochondria

Septic shock is characterized by all of the following except:

a. diminished myocardial contractility

b. widespread endothelial injury and activation

c. activation of the coagulation system

d. systemic vasoconstriction

e. production of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8

Which of these statements regarding B-catenin is false:

a. it is normally located iwthint he nuceli of intestinal epithelial cells

b. It is part of the intercellular adhesion complex of epithelial cells

c. Dysregulation of B-catenin is assocaited with canine colorectal tumors

d. Dysregulation of B-catenin may be due to a genetic mutation

e. B-catenin is an important component of the Wnt-1 signaling cascade

Signal transduction is the process by which extracellular signals are detected and converted into intracellular signals, which, in turn, generate cellular responses.  Mutant forms of the Ras protein, which bind but cannot hydrolyze GTP, are permantenly fixed in the "on" state and are associated with increased cell proliferation seen in many types of human cancer.  Ras activation occurs in which of the follow pathways?

a. PI3 kinase pathway

b. MAP-kinase pathway

c. IP3 pathway

d. cAMP pathway

e. JAK/STAT pathway

Which of these sbustance is a negative acute phase protein?

a. C reactive protein

b. haptoglobin

c. coagulation factor VII

d. transferrin

e. ceruloplasmin

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of the immediate sustained vascular response in acute inflammation?

a. Caused by burns or lytic bacteria

b. Involves rearrangements of the cytoskeleton

c. Initiates the clotting cascade

d. Involves endothelial necrosis and detachment

e. Affects all levels of the microcirculation

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF):

1. Is produced by platelets, basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells

2. Mediates its effects via a G-protein coupled receptor

3. Increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium by enhancing integrin binding

4. Causes vasodilation at low concentrations and vasconstriction at high concentrations

5. Enhances synthesis of eicosanoids

Which of the following are not products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism

a. prostaglandins

b. phospholipases

c. leukotrienes

d. thromboxane

e. lipoxins

All of these combinations of cytokine with its associated activities are correct except:

a. IL-2 and IL-4 regulate lymphocyte activation and differentiation

b. IFN-γ and IL-10 activate macrophages

c. TNF-α and TNF-β activate lymphocytes 

d. IL-3 and IL-7 stimulate hematopoiesis

e. IL-6 induces systemic acute phase responses

The following statement(s) about cell surface receptors is/are true:

1. Receptors for EGF, FGF, and PDGF have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and undergo autophosphorylation

2. Growth factor binding can stimulate the PI-3 kinase pathway, the MAP-kinase pathway, or the IP3 pathway

3. Growth factor binding ultimately stimualtes irreversible entry in quiescent cells into the Sphase of the cell cycle

4. Cytokin receptros have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and undergo autophosphorylation

5. Cell membrane receptors for growth factors are linked to G-proteins 

Which of the folowing is true regardng teh technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)?

1. Uses DNA probes for specific genes or gene sequences bound to fluoresecent dyes

2. Can map genes to their chromosomal location

3. Can detect multiple different gene abnormalities simultaneously

4. Msut be perfromed on mitotically active cells

5. Is no more specific than routine karyotyping

Which of the following statements about CD4+ T cells is not true?

a. The CD4 molecule acts as a co-receptor in T cell activation

b. TH1 cells secrete IL-2 and INF-γ

c. TH2 cells aid in the syntehsis of IgE

d. TH1 cells are involved in delayed hypersensitivity and macrophage activation

e. CD4 molecules bind MHC Class I molecules on antigen presenting cells

Which of the following surface molecules are present on NK cells?

1. CD56

2. CD16

3. CD2

4. CD28

5. CD3

Which of these statements regarding oncogenesis is false?

a. No single oncogene can fully transform cells in vitro

b. Inactivation of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 directly promotes tumor initiation

c. Neoplastic transformation requires multiple genetic alterations

d.