Term
| Name the 4 parts of the outer ear. |
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Definition
1. Pinna
2. Tragus
3. External Auditory Canal (meatus)
4. Tympanic Membrane (ear drum) |
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Term
| What is the function of the outer ear? |
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Definition
| Collect and direct sound waves into the cochlea |
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Term
| Name 3 causes of a perforated eardrum |
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Definition
1. Explosions
2. Trauma
3. Acute middle ear infections |
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Term
| What is the treatment for a perforated eardrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flap in the middle of the ear |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 auditory ossicles |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the components of the middle ear. |
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Definition
Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Tensor tympani and stapedius muscles
Eustachian Tube |
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Term
| Gives a connection between the outer and middle ear for pressures |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the middle ear? |
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Definition
| Communicates sound waves via vibration to inner ear |
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Term
| What is a common pathology of the middle ear? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The inner ear is a bony and membranous labyrinth. Name the components. |
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Definition
1. Utricle
2. Saccule
3. Semicircular Canals
4. Cochlea
5. Round and Oval Windows
6. Peri and endolymph |
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Term
| Areas of very thin tissue in the inner ear |
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Definition
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Term
| Surrounds the semicircular canals |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in the middle ear and is surrounded by fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the inner ear? |
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Definition
| Sensory information for equilibrium and hearing |
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Term
| What does BPPV stand for? |
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Definition
| Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo |
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Term
| A viral infection of the inner ear |
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Definition
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Term
| A rupture of oval or round windows causing leakage of perilymph in the middle ear causing vertigo and hearing loss. |
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Definition
| Perilymphatic Fistula (PLF) |
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Term
| Areas within the brain that communicate with and integrate vestibular information |
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Definition
| Central Vestibular System |
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Term
| Related to the vestibular system, what does the brain stem do? |
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Definition
| Controls vestibular reflexes |
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Term
| Related to the vestibular system, what does the vestibular cortex, thalamus, and reticular formation do? |
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Definition
| Arousal, awareness of body, and discrimination between movement of environment vs. self |
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Term
| Related to the vestibular system, what does the cerebellum do? |
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Definition
| Maintain vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), posture, and coordination |
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Term
| Has extensive connections between vestibular nuclei and reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebellum. Active for maintaining vestibular functions. |
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Definition
| Central Vestibular System |
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Term
| Contributes to arousal, conscious awareness of body, ability to discriminate between movement of self and environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Help maintain calibration of VOR. Contributes to posture in static and dynamic. Influence coordination of limb movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maintains stability of an image on the fovea of the retina during rapid head movements. Rapid movement of the eye opposite the direction of head movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of a brainstem infarction? |
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Definition
| Transient clumsiness, weakness, loss of vision, diplopia, drop attacks, dysarthria |
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Term
| What might the symptoms be for AICA cerebellar infarctio? |
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Definition
| May cause vertigo, also associated with hearing loss |
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Term
| What might the symptoms be with a PICA cerebellar infarct? |
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Definition
| Acute, severe vertigo, mimicking labyrinthine dz |
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Term
| A vertebral artery infarct typically only effects what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would occur with a TBI with labyrinthine or skull fracture? |
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Definition
| Abnormal central processing resulting in vertigo (slow processing) |
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Term
| Posterior circulation supplies blood to brainstem, cerebellum and peripheral vestibular apparatus |
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Definition
| VBI Vertibrobasilar Insufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Drop attacks, transient blindness, dysarthria |
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Term
| A demyelinating disease that can effect CNVIII: causing idential symptoms as unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction |
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Definition
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Term
| Acoustic neuroma, meningioma, metastatic tumor, or hematoma in the posterior fossa. |
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Definition
| Central system pathologies |
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Term
| What are some medical treatments for Cenral Disorders? |
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Definition
1. Manage as those without accompanying symptoms as dysequilibrium
2. Surgery - to remove tumors
3. PT for adaptation and fall prevention strategies |
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Term
| Problems located within the inner ear |
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Definition
| Peripheral Vestibular System |
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Term
| What are 3 primary functions of the Peripheral Vestibular System |
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Definition
1. Stabilization of visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement to allow clear vision
2. Maintain postural stability, especially with head movement
3. Provide information for spatial orientation |
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Term
| Each ear has 3 semicircular canals. Name them. |
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Definition
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Horizontal |
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Term
| Each ear has 2 otolith organs. Name them |
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Definition
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Term
| Each has a contralateral coplanar mate. Horizontal SCC pair. Posterior and contralateral anterior SCC. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid that moves freely within the canals |
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Definition
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Term
| Enlargement at one end of the SCC |
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Definition
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Term
| A gelatinous barrier found within the ampulla |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains sensory hair cells and projecting cilia |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the type of hair cell that is small. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the type of hair cell that is large. |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes an excitation or inhibition in the hair cell which in turn leads to a depolarization or hyperpolarization of afferent vestibular nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| If cilia moves from big to small (toward) |
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Definition
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Term
| If cilia moves from small to big (away) |
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Definition
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Term
| Responds to motion in own plane best |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does the brain detect movement? |
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Definition
| By comparing 2 semicircular canals |
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Term
| Linear acceleration and static head tilt |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory hair cells project into gelatinous material |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Horizonal linear acceleration and/or static head tilt |
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Definition
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Term
| Vertical liner acceleration |
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Definition
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Term
| What activity might you do to excite Utricle |
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Definition
| Stop a car, move forward or backward |
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Term
| What activity might you do to excite Saccul |
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Definition
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Term
| Occurs when an otoconia has been displaced. 50-70% of cases are idiopathic. |
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Definition
| BPPV (unilateral peripheral system) |
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Term
| If displacement of otoconia occurs under the age of 50, what likely caused it? |
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Definition
| Trauma such as a fall, TBI, or whiplash |
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Term
| If displacement of otoconia occurs after the age of 50, what likely caused it? |
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Definition
| Degeneration or dehydration of the gelatinous membrane |
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Term
| When otoconia becomes displaced, they will migrate into the semicircular canals and can do what 2 things? |
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Definition
1. Be free flowing into the endolymph
2. Adhere to cupula |
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Term
| In what semicircular canal will most dislodged otoconia go into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically caused by a viral infection. Vertigo provoked by head movement, but not necessarily head position (which would be BPPV) |
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Definition
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Term
| If vestibular neuronitis is associated with hearing loss, then the entire labyrinth is assumed to be involved and therefore the pathology is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are symptoms of acute vestibular neuronitis? |
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Definition
- Sudden severe vertigo, N&V, no hearing loss or facial weakness
- Typically resolves in a week or so
- Physician may prescribe anti-viral meds |
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Term
| A form of labyrinthitis caused by herpes zoster (chicken pox) in the external ear. Can affect CN VIII and CN VII which would result in facial weakness, hearing loss, and vertigo. |
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Definition
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Term
| Immediately following head trauma. Respond well to repositioning techniques and vestibular exercise most notably for VOR |
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Definition
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Term
| This medication concentrates in endo and perilymph fluids, exposing hair cells to high concentrations which causes a degeneration of hair cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 medications that are not detrimetal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Report progressive unsteadiness, especially with decreased visual input. Bilateral loss of vestibular function, fluctuating attacks of vertigo (depends upon symmetry of hypofunction), tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss and ill-described aural sensations of fullness. Spontaneous recovery in hours to weeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chronic disease that affects women more than men. Usually idiopathic and develops between ages 30-50. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most consisten finding: Increase in volume of endolymphatic fluid and distention of canals |
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Definition
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Term
| Progressive hearing loss and tinnitus with frequency of attacks. 50% become bilateral. Hearing loss progresses to moderate degree and stabilizes. Can be medically managed to control fluid intake. |
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Definition
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Term
| Results in a feeling of fullness in the ears dur to fluid. Can have ringing in the ears as well. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Due to an imbalance in tonic firing rate of vestibular neurons. Named for fast component of eye movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 eye movements that typically occur. |
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Definition
1. Combined horizontal and rotational (torsional)
2. Single planar - horizontal or vertical
3. Direction changing |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast beats to the left and slower to the right |
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Term
| Horizontal and rotational nystagmus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| LOOK AT ALL TABLES IN THE NOTES! |
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Definition
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