Term
| the appearance of similar functional characteristics in recently separated evolutionary lineages is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common trait shared between echinodermata and chordates is __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primates are commonly grouped with mammals but are also ________ |
|
Definition
ALL of the ABOVE
gnathostomes
craniates
osteicthyes
chordates |
|
|
Term
| bone is sevreted from _______ while cartilage is secreted from _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endochondral bone first appeared in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spiracles of early gnathostomes were derived from the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two main types of vertebrate bone are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a notochord is not present in the development of all ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the defining characteristic of vertebrates is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a chared ancestral characteristic of gnathostomes is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a shared derived characteristic of mammals is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an important function of bone is ______ |
|
Definition
| storage of calcium phosphate for the body |
|
|
Term
| the _______ is the first skeletal feature to appear in chordate embryos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the key factors that dictate the differences in body size and shape between different gnathostomes are ____________ |
|
Definition
| concentration, location, timing and target gene specificity of hox genes |
|
|
Term
| the only vertebrate that has accessory hearts in the liver and tail regions is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dermal bone first appeared in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the forebrain consists of the _______ |
|
Definition
| diencephalon and the telencephalon |
|
|
Term
| the vertebrate brain is an outgrowth of the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| teeth that are found in sockets of the jaw are called ____________ and are commonly found in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a use of the gas bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is an example of convergent evolution because it evolved in both invertebrates and vertz |
|
Definition
| nervous system and muscular system |
|
|
Term
| sharks have an extremely developed sensory system which they use to detect approach and attack prey. what order are they used in? |
|
Definition
| chemoreception, mechanoreception, visual, electroreception |
|
|
Term
| typical marine chondrichthyes |
|
Definition
| tend to gain water by osmosis since their internal osmolarity is slightly higher than that of seawater |
|
|
Term
| the amount of oxygen present in water can vary depending on salinity and teperature. which of the following has the least ammount of dissolved oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the majority of sharks use __________ to flow water over their gills |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ fish have a connection between their swim bladders and their gut called a ____________ |
|
Definition
physostomous
pneumatic duct |
|
|
Term
| swim bladders are found in ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main functional unit of osmoregulatory system in vertebrates is the _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marine fish run the risk of _________ because their internal body fluids are __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ help chondrichthyes determine their three-dimensional orientation, while ___________ allow them to detect differences in electrical potential |
|
Definition
semicircular canals
ampullae of lorenzini |
|
|
Term
| in addition to their role in respiration , gills also have an essential role in _________ in body fish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the appearance of similar characteristics in widely separated evolutionary lineages is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the common trait shared between echinodermata and chordates is __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of homoplasy are _________ |
|
Definition
convergent evolution
parallel evolution
reversal |
|
|
Term
| hagfishes are commonly grouped with vertebrates, but they truly should be grouped in ____ because they lack ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bones of the middle ear of tetrapods were derived from ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the jaw bones of early gnathostomes were derived from the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in mammals the articulation of the lower jaw with the cranium occurs between ______________ |
|
Definition
| the dentary and squamosal bones |
|
|
Term
| a shared derived characteristic of mammals is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shared ancestral characteristic of mammals is ________ |
|
Definition
vertebrae
paired appendages
jaws
a spleed |
|
|
Term
| the appendicular skeleton is a common feature found in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscles of the appendicular skeleton are formed from the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _______ is the first skeletal feature to appear in chordate embryos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main type of ventilation used by lampreys is _______ |
|
Definition
none of the above
(tidal) |
|
|
Term
| the ____ can be defined as a fourth germ layer in vertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| teeth that are fused to the jawbone are called _____ and are commonly found in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary component in the skeleton of bony fish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ has a more developed kidney based on its anadromous lifestyle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two common characteristics lampreys share with gnathostomes are _____________ |
|
Definition
| well developed eyes and prasympathetic innervation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| two common characteristics that differentiate lampreys from hagfishes are _____________ |
|
Definition
| well developed eyes and parasympathetic innervation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| ______ refers to a trait inherited from a common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| convergence, parallelism and reversal are examples of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in fish gas exchange occurs across the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| freshwater fish are _______ as compared to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| euryhaline regers to a vertebrate that can ________ |
|
Definition
| live in a wide range of salinities |
|
|
Term
| the solubility of gases is ________ related to temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which feature of osmoregulation is found only in freshwater bony fish? |
|
Definition
| active transport of salt in through the gills |
|
|
Term
| the jaw type commonly found in mammals is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of the horizontal septum is a derived feature of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fish with a high aspect ratio tail usually also has ___ muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| marine organisms whose internal solute concentration varies with that of their environment are examples of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is not a use of the gas bladder
controlling buoyancy
producing sounds for courtship
excretion of ammonia
providing vertical stability
amplifying sounds for better hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of scales that can be found in modern bony fish are _________ |
|
Definition
| ganoid, ctenoid, cosmoid and cycloid |
|
|
Term
| the two main requirements for a respiratory surface are _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fish with a high aspect ratio tail is usually a/an _________ swimmer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower that that of seawater |
|
|
Term
| products of mesenchyme cells are _________ |
|
Definition
cartilage
bone
muscle
collagen |
|
|
Term
| two major disadvantages of the transition to land were ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of vertbrae is commonly found in mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a three chambered heart is first found in ______ to accomodate their relatively high metabolic rates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| de-oxygenated blood flows through the heart, to the respiratory surfaces and then directly to the rest of the body in ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a keratinized spidermis is commonly found in ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common feature of all extant amphibians is _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amniotes consist of ___________ |
|
Definition
| birds, mammals, and reptiles |
|
|
Term
| the extra-embryonic membranes are involved in which of the following functions |
|
Definition
| repiration, protection, nourishment, excretioni |
|
|
Term
| the mammal above can be identified based on ________ |
|
Definition
| the vertebral distribution of the true ribs |
|
|
Term
| all amniotes use _____ fertilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| skin of amniotes is relatively impermeable to water due to __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding fish locomotion, crangiform swimming |
|
Definition
| generates maximum thrust and minimum drag |
|
|
Term
| unlike amphibians, amniotes can be considered fully terrestial because they ___________ |
|
Definition
are not tied to water
do not have a tadpole
have the relatively "waterpoof" skin |
|
|
Term
| aspect ratio is ________ to caudal fin height and _____ to caudal fin area |
|
Definition
proportional
inversely proportional |
|
|
Term
| bony fish are arguably the most successful of all vertebrate groups because ____________ |
|
Definition
| their distribution through many ecological niches found on the planet |
|
|
Term
| the four main avenues for heat loss or gain in terrestrial organisms are __________ |
|
Definition
| conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation |
|
|
Term
| ectotherm commonly refers to organisms whose body temp _______ |
|
Definition
| fluctuates with environmental temperature |
|
|
Term
| in order for any vertebrate to become endothermic they must have _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the broader the caudal peduncle of the fish the ________ amount of drag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fish with a high aspect ratio tail is usually a/an ________ swimmer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a component of both dermal and endochondral bone. |
|
Definition
spongy bone and compact bone
a & b |
|
|
Term
| it was very important for tetrapods to do three things as they transitioned to land. what where they? |
|
Definition
increase the density of skeleton
increase complexity of muscles
change the anoatomical structure of the heart to pump blood agains gravity |
|
|
Term
| intramembranous ossification is the process responsible for the formation of what three types of bone? |
|
Definition
membranous bone
flat bone
dermal bone |
|
|
Term
| which type of vertebrae is commonly found in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zygapophyses are parts of the _____ that serve to _________ in tetrapods |
|
Definition
vertebrae
add support to the skeleton |
|
|
Term
| the invasion of land by vertebrates followed after the invation of land by ________ |
|
Definition
all the above
plants
bacteria
insects |
|
|
Term
| in amphibians the three major avenues for gas exchange are ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shared derived characteristics of amphibians include _________ |
|
Definition
pedicellate teeth
the levator bulbi muscle |
|
|
Term
| salamander respiration involves ________ |
|
Definition
All of the above
simple lung sacs which require air being forced into them by mouth and pharynx muscles
both cutaneous and buccopharyngeal respiration
can be done without lungs it the animal has a ballistic tongue apparatus
skin kept moist by mucous glands and richly supplied with capillary beds |
|
|
Term
| what three aspects of salamander reproduction was discussed in lecture |
|
Definition
internal fertilization
use spermatophores for internal fertilization
males have hedonic glands producepheromones for courtship |
|
|
Term
| in the vertebrate retina, rods sense light better than cones because _______ |
|
Definition
| rods contain color pigments that help distinguish different wavelengths of light |
|
|
Term
| the lateral line system is ___________ |
|
Definition
only found in aquatic vertebrates
used in fish to control schooling fish |
|
|
Term
| echolocation used by bats differs from that used by dolphins because: |
|
Definition
all of the above
bats use their larynx to produce ultrasonic sound waves
bats recieve incoming echolocation shound waves through their ears
dophins focus sound waves using their melon organ
dolphins produce ultrasonic sound waves by moving air in their nasal passages |
|
|
Term
| a keratinized epidermis is commonly found in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all vertebrates possess which extra-embryonic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the body temp of a ______ __________ fluctuates with the ambient temperature and relies on the sun as an external heat source. |
|
Definition
| poikilothoermic ectotherm |
|
|
Term
| which of the four physical processes of heat exchange requires direct contact between objects (animal and substrate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| freshwater fish are _______ as compared to their environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extant sharks have which type of jaw attachment. |
|
Definition
none of the above
Hylostylic |
|
|
Term
| lecithotrophy refers to the condition where |
|
Definition
| the egg is retained inside the mother and the mother provides only gases and inorganic ions |
|
|
Term
| which of the following do not have a spiracle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovoviviparity is a term to describe __________ |
|
Definition
| eggs that hatch inside the mother and only receive energy from the yolk |
|
|
Term
| the fact that chondrichthyes and osteicthyes occupy simmilar ecological niches is evedence that the process of evolution is __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in marine fish chloride cells are found in the ________ and act to ________ |
|
Definition
gill
actively remove excess salts from the body |
|
|
Term
| active fast endurance swimmers such as tunas have a larger percentage of ________ as compared to fast burst swimmers |
|
Definition
| red slow oxidative muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| slow oxidative muscles use ________ and are ______ fatigue |
|
Definition
aerobic matabolism
resistant to |
|
|
Term
| endochondral bone first appeared in _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the weberian apparatus serves to increase the sense of vibrations in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all vertebrates possess which extra-embryonic membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common feature of extant sharks is mobility of the head skeleton which is called___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that regulate their widely ranging body temperatures are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three assumptions made when calculating Basal Metabolic Rate? |
|
Definition
| animal is at rest, in their thermoneutral zone, and post absorptive |
|
|
Term
| all non avian reptiles are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lizards, tuatara and snakes |
|
|
Term
| tuatara are unique amongst extant ectotherms in that they are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| squamates differ from crocodilians in that they have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monitor lizards circumvent the conflict in locomotion and lung ventilation by using? |
|
Definition
| positive pressure gular pump |
|
|
Term
| turtles have what type of skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a major difference between extinct turtles and modern day turtles is |
|
Definition
| extinct turtles had teeth |
|
|
Term
| the rubs of turtles are unique amont tetrapods in that ______ |
|
Definition
| they are external to the pectoral and pelvic girdle |
|
|
Term
| the scutes of turtles are composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the venricle of the heart of a turtle has all of the following chambers |
|
Definition
| cavum pulmonale, cavum sinosus, and cavum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| certain aquatic turtles can extract oxygen from the water using their ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autotomy is used as a method of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction by females without males |
|
|
Term
| reptiles include the _________ |
|
Definition
| lepidosaurs, turtles and archosaurs |
|
|
Term
| a suborbital fenestra is a common fetear in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| huxley's foramen is present in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shared derived characteristic of amphibians include ___________ |
|
Definition
pedicellate teeth
levator bulbi muscle |
|
|
Term
| the urostyle is a common feature found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a keratinized epidermis is commonly found in __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a major trend in the evolution of the lung was to increase the ________ of the respiratory tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which reptile has two lungs during their larval stage but only the right is retained as an adult? |
|
Definition
none of the above
salamander |
|
|
Term
| the driving force behind glomerular filtration is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a major difference between turtles and other reptiles is |
|
Definition
| reptiles do not have a shell |
|
|
Term
| in order to separate and circulate the deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system, the heart of turtles takes advantage of _________ |
|
Definition
| the different pressures of the dual circuit circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| in the turtle heart, blood flows from the _______ in the cavum venosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the driving physical force of the repiratory systems is ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most efficient form of gas exchange is _______ and is found in ________ |
|
Definition
counter-current exchange
the gill of fish |
|
|
Term
| list the following in order of smallest to largest surface area of the lung for gas exchange: lungfish, amphibian, reptile, and mammals |
|
Definition
| lungfish, amphibian, reptile, mammal |
|
|
Term
| the sites of respiratory exchange in mammals are_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an emu foot is similar to the foot of many theropod dinosaurs because it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of emus to run fast is due to highly specialized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emus produce vocalizations____ |
|
Definition
| by forcing air through the ventral cleft in the trachea |
|
|
Term
| the shell of turtles are composed of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between cryptodire and pleurodire turtles is __________ |
|
Definition
| the way they retract their head into their shell |
|
|
Term
| the majority of improtant molecules to the body are reabsorbed across the _________ in a healthy nephron |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| this form of sexual determination first appeared in vertebrates in the reptiles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list in order of first appearance in evolutionary history: amphibians, turtles, non-dinosaur reptiles, dinosaurs and birds |
|
Definition
amphibians
turtles
non-dinosaur reptiles
dinosaurs and birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction by females without genetic contribution from a male |
|
|
Term
| ichthyosaurs differed from the majority of other marine reptiles in that they _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| archosauria gave rise to two lineages of aquatic reptiles |
|
Definition
| phytosaurs and crocodilians |
|
|
Term
| ornithischian dinosaurs were named because they _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first group of reptiles to become dominant on land belonged to which group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest single species in terms of numbers to dominate the land belonged to which group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest of the dinosaurs belongs to which group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the heaviest of the dinosaurs belonged to which group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pterosaurs differ from mondern day birds in that they ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the development of a secondary palate is a trait mammals share with what other group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the develpment of secondary palate allows for the separation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is/are mandatory anatomical feature for flight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animals that phsiologically regulate their fluctuating body temperatures over a wide range are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following groups has no species that can undergo torpor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a torpor bout is ________ |
|
Definition
| when an animal decreases body temperature to near ambient in winter |
|
|
Term
| brown adipose tissue _______ |
|
Definition
| has a unique uncoupling protein |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are requirements for a measurement of an Animals Basal Metabolic rate |
|
Definition
endothermy
neutral temperature
post-absorptive state |
|
|
Term
| extant birds are derived from which group of dinosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the teethy skull belongs too |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the picture to the right depicts the skull of a/an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the skull can be identified by |
|
Definition
all of the above
fenestrae
teeth
eye orbit |
|
|
Term
| animals that physiologically regulate their fluctuating body temperatures over a wide range are called _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following terms in NOT part of the equation for metabolism(max) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following groups has no species that can undergo torpor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of terperatures over which ________. |
|
Definition
| animals do not require additional physiological means to maintain a stable body temperature |
|
|
Term
| hibernation is used by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| winter lethargy is characterized by __________. |
|
Definition
a body temperature that drops a few degrees
a decrease in metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
| thermogenesis in mammals and birds is ______ and consists of _________ |
|
Definition
| internal heat production; basal metabolic rate, shivering, and non-shivering thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| the hibernation season ________ |
|
Definition
consists of multiple torpor bouts
consists of multiple interbout arousals |
|
|
Term
| amongst vertebrates which set of characteristics evolved first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which three groups of vertebrates have flight evolved |
|
Definition
| reptiles, birds, and mammals |
|
|
Term
| the feathers that provide mainly thrust and some lift are ________ and attached to the ____ region of the birds wing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscle that birds use to power their up-stroke of the wings is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| instead of chewoing birds utilize this part of their digestive tract for mechanical digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a ratite. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common orthopedic disorder of farm-raised emus is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can the physiology of a farm-raised emu paathologies not be studied at present time |
|
Definition
| the physiology of healthy farm-raised emus has not been previously published |
|
|
Term
| which of the following enzymes is a marker for anaerobic matabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dinosaur trackways can be important to paleontologists in describing what aspects of dinosaur biology |
|
Definition
growth rates
group dynamics
metabolism and environment
foot morphology |
|
|
Term
| during diving, marine mammals rely on _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skeletal muscles of Weddeli seal adults lack a large percentage of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similar to birds, sea lions use the _____ to power the downstroke of their swimming flippers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the image to the right is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is NOT an adaptive role of myoglobin in diving mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence that suggests diving mammals to not rely on blood oxygen stores in their primary swimming muscles includes:_________ |
|
Definition
| decreased muscular capillary density |
|
|
Term
| which of the following proteins does not increase internal oxygen stores in diving mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
