Term
| what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
advantages:
genetic recombination
increased diversity
disadvantages:
investment (time,energy)
more vulnerable to predation
STDs
only pass down half of chromosomes |
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Term
| What are the general methods of sexual differentiation |
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Definition
1. temperature dependent
2. social cues (protogyny, protoandry)
3. sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between male and female |
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Term
| tuatara eggs, what temp are usually femeles what usually males? |
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Definition
warmer T male
cooler T female |
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Term
| What two ways are social cues used for sexual differentiation? |
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Definition
protogyny - beginning as a female and becoming a male because there are no dominant males at the moment
protoandry - start as a male and become female once you reach a certain point |
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Term
| give an example of protoandry and protogyny and define them |
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Definition
protogyny - beginning as a female, ex: fish in great barrier reef taht begins as female and when not dominant male dominant female becomes new male
protoandry - begin as male, anemone fish, all of them become female at certain body mass |
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Term
| Sex Chromosome Differentiation - how is it different from birds and humans |
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Definition
humans - male XY female XX
birds - males WW Female WZ |
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Term
| what is the Jost paradigm, who came up with it? |
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Definition
Alfred Jost came up with the Jost Paradigm. Looked at mice embryos, studying development of them, looking at precise time of specific sexual differentiation. Came up with paradigm
3 levels of sex
1. Genetic Influences
2. Gonadal which influences
3. Phenotypic |
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Term
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Definition
| requires testosterone to remain, without testosterone will undergo apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| in gonad, requires MIH to undergo apoptosis, will persist without MIH (mullerian inhibiting hormone) present. |
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Term
| Tract from genetic to phenotypic level how a gonad becomes male |
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Definition
1. XY chromosome, Y has SRY gene which causes gonad to become testes
2. Testosterone is released from testes which inhibits apoptosis of the wolffian duct. Testes also releases MIH which induces apoptosis of the mullerian duct.
3. testes descend into scrotal sac, fusion to form developed penis |
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Term
| Describe female development from genetic to phenotypic |
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Definition
XX no Y no SRY gene no testosterone
wolffian dies b/c no testosterone
mullerian lives because no MIH produced to kill it
no fusion, labia clitoris and vagina form. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transport sperm from epididymus to ejaculatory duct |
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Term
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Definition
| vas deferens transports sperm from epididymus to ejac. duct, which then moves to urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| common tract for sperm and urine |
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Term
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Definition
| regidity of penis that enables copulation, sympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| propulsion of semen from the male reproductive tract, parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| bone to give penis regidity found in some animals, some can retract penis into body, always rigid. |
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Term
| how does human penis become rigid |
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Definition
| sinuses that line the shaft of the penis above urethra fill with blood, parasympathetic reflex. |
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Term
| semen facts - avg concentration of sperm and size of semen |
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Definition
semen is mix of sperm and exocrine secretions
avg male releases 1.5mL to 5mL, 40-250mil sperm/mL
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Term
| What are the 3 glands that release fluids during ejaculation? |
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Definition
1. seminal vesicles
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral glands |
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Term
| seminal vesicles, what is it sensitive to, what does it do |
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Definition
sensitive to testosterone
releases highly alkaline sol'n as semen goes from ejaculatory duct to urethra. Preparing for acidity of urethra and female reproductive tract.
Also releases fructose as energy source for sperm. |
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Term
| Prostate gland - what does it release, when, why? |
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Definition
| releases a thinner alkaline fluid at the beginning of urethra. prostate slowly grows throughout life of the male, prone to cancer. |
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Term
| bulbourethral glands - what does it release / where / why |
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Definition
| releases a thinner mucous slightly ahead of rest of semen to coat the urethra, protecting semen |
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Term
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Definition
where sperm are produced.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sperm cell strucutre - list it off |
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Definition
head with nucleus and acrosome (enzymes located in acrosome that can break down protein barrier at egg)
mitochondria within midpiece, and tail |
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Term
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Definition
| a nurse cell - large cell taht makes contact with many developing sperm and stem cells, releases nutrients and factors that help with differentiation and maturation, located in seminiferous tubules. form the blood testes barrier |
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Term
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Definition
intersitial (in tissue)
surround seminiferous tubules
whoel purpuse is to release testosterone located in seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| What are things sertoli cells are essential for / protecting |
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Definition
1. supply nutirents for sperm cells
2. Form blood testes barrier, chemicals must go through sertoli cells to get to sperm cells
Needs to protect against chemicals but also immune system which recognizes sperm cells as foreign |
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Term
| Describe hormone order and causes for male reproduction |
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Definition
hypothalamus -> GnRH -> LH+FSH
LH -> leydig cells ->testosterone -> development of sex organs and secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, muslces, etc)
FSH -> sertoli cells -> spermatogenesis
sertoli cells produce inhibin to inhibit FSH
testosteron inhibits GnRH release, as wel as sertoli cells |
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Term
| describe method of anabolic steroid abuse and its effects |
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Definition
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