Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| branches from soma that conduct the electrochemical stimulation, giving that info to soma from other neural cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| long projection away from soma, conducts electrical impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| bring in info, sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| effect, send info out, motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| going between neurons, 99+% of neurons are interneurons |
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Term
| central nervous system is made up of |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral nervous system is made up of |
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Definition
| all nerves not found in the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
| divide up the central nervous system into its subset catagories |
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Definition
PNS
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Sensory (afferent) + Motor (efferent)
________________|______
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Somatic Autonomic
Autonomic -> sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| define all subsets of the nervous system, cns, pns and its subsets, by their overall function |
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Definition
cns - integration and control center
pns - communication between cns and rest of body
somatic - voluntary motion
autonomic - involuntary motion
sympathetic - mobilizes body for action
parasympathetic - housekeeping and converves energy |
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Term
| what two types of matter are found in the tissues of the nervous system and what are they made up of? |
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Definition
white matter - myelinated axons
grey matter - cell bodies, synapses, this is the brain cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of neurons, therea re cranial and spinal nerves. |
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Term
| what is located in the hindbrain? |
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Definition
| cerebellum, medula oblongata, pons |
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Term
| what is located in the midbrain? |
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Definition
| the midbrain is the only thing there. |
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Term
| what is located in the forebrain? |
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Definition
| the cerebrum, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| what is located in the brainstem? |
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Definition
| the midbrain, pons, and medula oblongata |
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Term
| what is the function of the cerebellum and where is it located? |
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Definition
| it is located in the hindbrain and its function is to manage muscle coordination, muscle feedback, baland and posture. |
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Term
| What is the function of the medula oblongata and where is it located? |
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Definition
| its function is to handle heart rate, breathing rate, and swallowing. It is located in the hindbrain, the brainstem. |
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Term
| what is the function of the pons and where is it located? |
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Definition
| it is located in the hindbrain and the brain stem. Its function is to manage respiration and sleep. It is also the location where all ascending and descendign tracts meet, if this is damaged no information can pass from the brain to the body. |
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Term
| What is the function of the midbrain? |
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Definition
| it is the pathway for ascending and descending tracts, and is essential for auditory and visual reflexes |
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamus and where is it located? |
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Definition
| the thalamus is located in the forebrain and it coordinates sensory information (except olfaction). |
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Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus and where is it located? |
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Definition
| it is located in the forebrain and it is involved in temperature regulatoin, motivation, hunger, thirst, labido, and manages the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| where is the cerebrum located and what is its function? |
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Definition
it is in teh forebrain, it's what you think of when you think of the brain, the huge veiny thing. there are various lobes in the cerebrum
temporal - hearing, language
preital - assosciate areas, coordination bias
frontal - motor cortex (muscle control)
pre-frontal - desire, language, rationality, imagination |
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Term
| what are commissural tracts? |
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Definition
| white matter that connects the two hemispheres to coordinated between them. white matter = myelinated axons |
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Term
| what is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| this is the largest commissural tract. |
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Term
| What are the five principles of brain organization? |
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Definition
1. Brain function is somewhat localized
2. Brians have maps
3. size matters
4. Vertebrate brain evolutoin has involved repeated expansion of forebrain areas
5. neural circuits are plastic |
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Term
| what is a brain map called, what does it look like, and why? |
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Definition
| it is called a humonculous because it shows the limbs and body parts affected by a particular area of the brain. |
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Term
| what is the encephalization quotient? |
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Definition
| as the body gets bigger, brain doesn't have to get that much bigger for certain size mammals. Generally as animal size increases, brain size increases proportionally. Humans are 7.5x biggre than expected for our size. |
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Term
| What is the target of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (exocrine and endocrine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic pre and post ganglionic nerve lengths? |
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Definition
para - pre is long post is short
sympa - pre is short, post is long
all use acetylcholine and cholinergic except the post ganglionic sympathetic nerve uses norepinephrine and adrenegic.
para is more focused, sympa is raoder and usually affects multiple targets |
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Term
| where are sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves located on spinal cord? |
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Definition
para - top and bottom
sympa - center |
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Term
| what are the functions of parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
housekeeping and protection:
conserve energy, nutrient storage, protection from oridnary irritants
ie. salivation, smooth muscle respiratory passage, heart rate, smooth muscles involved in defecation and urination, increased blood flow to penis and clitoris (erection) |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system functions |
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Definition
fight or flight - prepare body for stress, postural changes, activity changes, emotions
ie dilate pupil, mucous saliva (food), dilate bronchioles, speed up heart rate, inhibit defecation and urination, ejaculation and orgasm in penis and clitoris
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Term
| enteric nervous system, what it do? |
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Definition
| in GI tract - 100millions neurons, coordinates intestinal pristalsis (contraction), adjusts blood flow to gut, and regulates release from glands |
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Term
| define "biological clock" |
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Definition
| a physiological mechanism that gives an organism an endogenous capability to keep track of the passage of time. (internal, indep. of environment) |
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Term
| what is free running endogenous rhythm |
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Definition
1 free-running rhythm: endogenous rhythm measured without environmental cues
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Term
| what is a period with respect to engodegnous rhythm |
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Definition
| amount of time for one cycle of an endogenous rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| process of synchronizing endogenous rhythm to environmental stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental cue capable of entraining a biological rhythm |
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Term
| What are three examples of biological clocks? |
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Definition
1. superchiasmatic nucleus - sunlight
2. pineal gland (controlled by SCN above) - release of melatonin (darkness hormone)
3. Circadean Oscillators - timekeeping mechanisms within cells that alternate gene expression of key clocks genes - temperature dependent |
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