Term
| Give broad overview of what releases what to what for nervous system and endocrine system (3 each) |
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Definition
Nervous system:
1. neround releases neurotransmitter into synapse
2. gland releases hormone into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| aka neurosecutory, neuron releases chemical into blood - quick response that takes a while to take effect. |
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Definition
| release chemical to neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| release chemical which affects cell which released it |
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Term
| chronic hormone secretion |
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Definition
| keep hormone levels fairly constant - very tight negative feedback regulation of hormone release |
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Definition
| dramatic response to specific stimulus, ie glucose lvl goes up so insulin lvl goes up. |
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Term
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Definition
| stress hormone, released an hour or so before waking to prepare body to wake up |
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Term
| what are the types of hormones? |
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Definition
steroids (cholesterol derived)
fatty acid derivatives
proteins
modified amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid souble, can't be stored, act as intracellular receptors. cause changes in gene expression, DNA. have to be made before can be used/released. |
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Definition
| hormone derived from fatty acids from cell membrane. lipid based, usually auto / paracrine hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins with attached carbohydrates, typically longer half-life, manufactured in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Most hormones we're talking about are proteins. |
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Term
| what are the types of modified amino acid hormones? |
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Definition
1. catecholamines
2. tryptophan derivatives
3. thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
modified amino acid hormone derived from tyrosine, bind to membrane proteins, frequently to ion channels.
basically - dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Definition
| modified amino acid hormone made from tryptophan, tryptophan derivatives are seratonin and melatonin. |
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Definition
| modified tyrosine, lipid soluble, iodine attached, act at DNA -> gene expression. |
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Term
| what are the 3 ways we regulate hormone release and actions |
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Definition
1. negative feedback (positive possible not common)
2. receptor numbers
3. half life |
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Term
| list types of negative feedback for hormones |
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Definition
loops - short loop - hormone stimulates target which immediately gives negative feedback to what released hormone
long loop - multi step, target has negative feedback for a previous thing |
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Term
| regulation of hormones by receptor numbers |
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Definition
lower hormone levels - increase receptor number for high sensitivity
higher hormone levels - reduced receptor number, lower sensitivity
eventually stop being able to receive message (type 2 diabetes) |
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Term
| hormone regulation by half-life |
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Definition
half life - time it takes the hormone to be inactivated or eliminated
determined by enzymatic activity, protein vs glycoprotein, reversible binding to plasma proteins. |
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Term
| what are the 3 parts of the pituitary, and where is the pituitary located? |
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Definition
| anterior, posterior and pars intermedia. pituitary is located right under the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate the release of another hormone, stimulate growth of target endocrine gland |
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Term
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Definition
| neurohormone - antidiuretic hormone, ADH, from posterior pituitary (aka neurohypophysis). released when dehydrated, increases production of aquaporin to reabsorb water. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurohormone released from posterior pituatary (neuropophysis). stimuli for pulsatile release, strech of uterus/cervix, suckling on tit. Induces smooth muscle contraction for either uterine contraction (birth) or milk ejection. |
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Term
| what is the hormone of pars intermedia and what is its function |
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Definition
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (aniamls to camouflage)
melanosomes are vesicles taht contain pigment, found in melanocyte. with low light, low MSH released, with high light, more MSH released. |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior pituitary, just below hypothalamus |
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Term
| hormones from anterior pituitary |
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Definition
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
GH - Growth Hormone
Prolactin
FSH - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
MH - Luteinizing Hormone |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - what causes it, what is target, and what is feedback? |
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Definition
| in hypothalamus - TRH - thryrotropin releasing hormone is released, stimulates release of TSH which stimulates release of two thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the thyroid. has both short and long loop negative feedback. T3/T4 causes increase in metabolism. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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Definition
| in hypothalamus, coticotropin releasing hormone is released (CRH) which stimulates ACTH. ACTH stimulates adrenal glad to release glucocorticoids - increase blood glucose levels and acts as stress response |
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Term
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Definition
in hypothalamus, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates release of GH - GH stimulates liver to release IGF-1 which has growth effects in body and increases blood glucose levels. For most part, no nice negative feedack system from body.
Hypothalamus also can release GHIH, growth hormone inhibitin hormone to stop GH release. |
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Term
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Definition
release inhibited by dopamine from hypothalamus - pretty much always wants to be released, needs to be inhibited.
stimulates milk production in female mammals. |
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Term
| FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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Definition
| hypothalamus - releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates release of FSH and LH which stimulate cell growth within gonads. |
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Term
| what are the endocrine glands? |
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Definition
pineal gland
pituitary
thyroid gland
thymus
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
gonads |
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Term
| Pineal gland releases what to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid Gland what is strucuture(s) within thyroid gland |
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Definition
Follicles - round structure
follicular cells - surround folllicles
thyroglobulin - storage protein
parafollicular cells - in between follicles |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland - what does it release / to do what? |
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Definition
| releases TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone (from TRH, thryrotropin releasing hormone released by anterior pituitary) - increasing manufactoring of thyroglobulin and breaking down of thyroglobulin (releasing more T3 and T4 stored in thyroglobulin, basically) |
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Term
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Definition
T3 is active hormone, T4 is backup for T3, break off one iodine and it becomes T3. T3 increeasing basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis, use of glucose/fats.
enables cell division, and is necessary for action of growth hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
with reduced levels of T3 and T4, feel week, cold tired, gain weight, and cretinism is possible.
causes: damage to pituitary or thyroid, iodine deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in children, if fetuses dont have enough T3 when developing, they will not develop enough neurons so become mentally retarded |
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Term
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Definition
| not enough T3,T4, so no negative feedback to stop growth of thyroglobulin in thryroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
increased levels of T3 and T4, hyperactive, insomnia, hot, weight loss.
causes: pituitary tumor TSH lvls skyrocket, thyroid grows, T3 lvls go up
, thyroid tumor - high T3 T4 lvl which provide negative feedback so TSH lvl much lower than normal.
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Term
| parafollicular cells in thyroid |
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Definition
| no connection to hypothalamus or pituitary, release calcitonin when calcium ion lvls in blood is high. causes calcium to move into bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| releases parathyroid hormone when blood calcium lvl are low, stimulating reabsorption of ca from bone, enables ca absoption from small intenstine. |
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Term
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Definition
one above each kidney - 2 parts to adrenal gland, medulla and cortex. medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
cortex releases glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) and aldosterone |
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Term
Adrenal Medulla, what nervous system is it a part of?
what hormoens does it release?
what are its main effects? |
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Definition
part of sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine and norepinephrine
main effects -
increase heart rate/contractability
incresed blood vessel tone (higher blood pressure)
liver releases glucose |
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Term
| Adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids |
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Definition
steroid hormone cortisol (in humans) cortisone (in rat,iguana)
stimulated release from stress or circadean rhythm.
main actions are to increase bloog glucose levels and as an anti-inflammatory
corisol has negative feedback to hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
from adrenal cortex
independent of hypothalamus and pituitary
steroid hormone
release stimulated from low blood pressure / blood volume, hyposmolarity
main actions are sodium reabsorption (water can follow sodium)
restore particle/volume (conectration, osmolarity) |
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Term
| Pancreas has what hormones? |
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Definition
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